英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力文摘 興奮劑，讓人沉浮
Pump You Up, Break You Down
科學(xué)研究證明，使用興奮劑會(huì)對(duì)人的身心健康產(chǎn)生許多直接的危害。使用不同種類(lèi)和不同劑量的禁用藥物，對(duì)人體的損害程度也不相同。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，使用興奮劑的主要危害如下:——出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的性格變化——產(chǎn)生藥物依賴(lài)性——導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞和器官功能異常——產(chǎn)生過(guò)敏反應(yīng)，損害免疫力——引起各種感染(如肝炎和艾滋病)。 使用興奮劑的危害主要來(lái)自激素類(lèi)和刺激劑類(lèi)的藥物。特別令人擔(dān)心的是，許多有害作用只是在數(shù)年之后才表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而且即使是醫(yī)生也分辨不出哪些運(yùn)動(dòng)員正處于危險(xiǎn)期，哪些暫時(shí)還不會(huì)出問(wèn)題。為提高競(jìng)技能力而使用的能暫時(shí)性改變身體條件和精神狀態(tài)的藥物和技術(shù)。使用興奮劑不僅損害奧林匹克精神，破壞運(yùn)動(dòng)競(jìng)賽的公平原則，而且嚴(yán)重危害運(yùn)動(dòng)員身體健康。國(guó)際奧委會(huì)嚴(yán)禁運(yùn)動(dòng)員使用興奮劑。目前禁用的藥物和技術(shù)有七大類(lèi)：刺激劑、麻醉止痛劑、合成代謝類(lèi)固醇、beta阻滯劑、利尿劑、肽激素及類(lèi)似物、血液興奮劑等。
How do steroids work, and what makes them so dangerous? Find out on this Moment of Science.
From federal investigations into Major League Baseball(美國(guó)職業(yè)棒球大聯(lián)盟) to allegations of substance abuse in track and field, performance enhancing drugs(興奮劑) have been in the news a lot. The most well-known performance enhancers are steroids(類(lèi)固醇), drugs that can make athletes bigger and stronger. But they can also cause serious medical problems.
So how do steroids work, and what makes them so dangerous?
First, it’s important to understand that the body naturally produces steroids. For men, the best known is testosterone(睪丸激素). Testosterone is an anabolic steroid(合成代謝類(lèi)固醇), meaning that it encourages new muscle growth. So the more testosterone you have in you, the greater potential you have to be bigger and stronger. It makes sense, then, that artificial anabolic steroids mimic testosterone produced in the body.
Here’s how they work. Anabolic steroids attach to cells and encourage them to produce more protein, which muscles need to grow and become stronger. So steroids basically (1)speed up and enhance the process of muscle growth that you can accomplish by lifting weights and other kinds of exercise. A weightlifter on steroids will develop larger muscles and do so faster than a “clean” weightlifter.
Millions of people take performance enhancing drugs such as caffeine and vitamins every day. But unlike these drugs, steroids can cause serious, long lasting problems. For example, steroid use puts extra pressure on the liver to cleanse the bloodstream of the many toxins in steroids.
Prolonged steroid use can result in liver damage. They also affect brain chemistry(腦化學(xué)), and can cause depression and severe mood swings known as ‘roid rage(類(lèi)固醇癲狂)’. There’s certainly nothing wrong with building your body, but using steroids to do so will ultimately (2)break you down.
譯文：
興奮劑，讓人沉浮
從對(duì)美國(guó)職業(yè)棒球大聯(lián)盟藥物濫用指控的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查來(lái)看，服用興奮劑已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題。其中最著名的興奮劑是類(lèi)固醇，它可以讓運(yùn)動(dòng)員更大更強(qiáng)。但是它們也會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題。
那么類(lèi)固醇是怎樣發(fā)揮作用的呢?是什么使它們?nèi)绱宋ｋU(xiǎn)?
首先，知道身體能夠自然產(chǎn)生類(lèi)固醇是很重要的。對(duì)于男性來(lái)說(shuō)，最廣為大家所知的就是睪丸激素。睪丸激素是一種合成代謝類(lèi)固醇，它能夠促進(jìn)新的肌肉的生長(zhǎng)。因此如果你的睪丸激素越多，你的潛力就越大越強(qiáng)。這樣一來(lái)，人造合成類(lèi)固醇模仿人體內(nèi)分泌的睪丸激素應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
它們是這樣工作的。合成類(lèi)固醇依附于細(xì)胞上，促使它們產(chǎn)生更多肌肉生長(zhǎng)和壯大所需要的蛋白質(zhì)。因此類(lèi)固醇主要是加快和加強(qiáng)肌肉生長(zhǎng)，而這樣的效果你可以通過(guò)舉重和其它的運(yùn)動(dòng)練習(xí)達(dá)到。一個(gè)服用類(lèi)固醇舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員的肌肉會(huì)比一個(gè)“干凈”的運(yùn)動(dòng)員生長(zhǎng)得更大更快。
成千上萬(wàn)的人們每天都在服用咖啡因，維他命之類(lèi)的興奮劑。但是與其它藥物不同的是類(lèi)固醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重，持久的問(wèn)題。例如，使用膽固醇會(huì)對(duì)肝臟凈化血液帶來(lái)壓力，因?yàn)槟懝檀祭镉泻芏喽舅亍?/p>
長(zhǎng)期使用類(lèi)固醇可導(dǎo)致肝損害。它們同樣會(huì)影響腦化學(xué)，并會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑郁癥和被稱(chēng)為“類(lèi)固醇癲狂”的嚴(yán)重情緒波動(dòng)。強(qiáng)身健體當(dāng)然沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是如果你使用類(lèi)固醇來(lái)完成，那么最終你會(huì)垮掉。
Notes:
(1)speed up 加速;使加速
I sped up my car as soon as I left her house.
一離開(kāi)她家，我便加快了速度。
(2)break down 分解;發(fā)生故障;失敗;毀掉;制服
The bridge broke down in last earthquake.
那座橋在上次地震中坍塌了。
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