孔子生活在什么年代？儒教的主要觀點(diǎn)是什么

今天的這段對(duì)話，在討論孔子，

孔子生活在什么年代？儒教的主要觀點(diǎn)是什么

來(lái)聽(tīng)今天的講解:

A: Hi Zhang Ping. What are you reading?

張萍，你好！你在看什么書(shū)？

B: It's about Confucius and his rules for life.

關(guān)于孔子及其人生準(zhǔn)則的書(shū)。

A: Rules for life, like in a religion?

人生準(zhǔn)則，像宗教書(shū)嗎？

B: Exactly !Confucianism is one of " The Three Ways" , along with  Buddhism and Taoism.

一點(diǎn)不錯(cuò)！儒教是“三教”之一，其他兩個(gè)是佛教和道教。

A: Oh, I see. When did he live?

哦，我明白了。他生活在什么年代？

B: He lived from 551-479 BC  His life defines the end of The Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history It wasn't until many years after he died that he became the dominant Chinese philosopher of morality and politics.

孔子生活在公元前551年至前479年，正是中國(guó)歷史上的春秋末期。他去世很多年以后，才被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)最有影響的道德家和政治哲學(xué)家。

A: So, when did he become famous?

那他是什么時(shí)候出名的？

B: In the Warring States Period from 390-305 BC, they extended and systematised his teachings, but they didn't become what we know today until the Han dynasty.

在公元前390年至前305年的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，人們將他的學(xué)說(shuō)擴(kuò)充并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)整理，不過(guò)我們今天所了解的孔子學(xué)說(shuō)是漢朝才成形的。

A: So, it was years and years after his death? I guess it's a little like Jesus, whose teachings became the official religion of the Roman Empire 300 years later.

那是他去世很多年以后的事了吧？我覺(jué)得他與耶穌有點(diǎn)像，耶穌的教義在他去世300年以后才成為羅馬帝國(guó)的國(guó)教。

B: But Confucianism is all based on a terminology of morality.

可是儒教是以整套的道德規(guī)范為根本的。

A: What do you mean by that?

這是什么意思？

B: OK …for example, he believed in benevolence, charity, humanity and love. Or overall,  kindness, which is called " Ren".

是這樣……比如．他信奉善心、慈愛(ài)、人性和友愛(ài)。或者說(shuō)，最重要的是仁愛(ài)，叫做“仁”。

A: Be kind to each other, that makes sense

互相友愛(ài)，這有道理。

B: Yes, and right conduct, morality and duty co one's neighbour. It's called righteousness, or "Yi".

是的。對(duì)自己的鄰居要行為端正、講道德、負(fù)責(zé)任。這就是道義，或“義”。

A:Yes. the Bible says we should love our neighbours, so that's a little similar.

是的，《圣經(jīng)》也說(shuō)我們要愛(ài)自己的鄰居，所以這一點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)類似。

B:Most religions have things in common. Also, profit, gain and advantage, which are not proper motives for actions affecting others.  It's called " Li" , and it's why Confucius thought that commerce and industry were bad ideas.

大多數(shù)宗教都有共通之處。此外，利潤(rùn)、收益和好處不能作為你妨礙別人的行為的正當(dāng)動(dòng)機(jī)，這叫“禮”，這也是為什么孔子認(rèn)為工商業(yè)不好的原因。

A:I see. So are these the 3 main things?

我明白了。這就是他的3個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)嗎？

B:Yes. "Ren" is in the "Being" category. "Yi" the "Doing or Means" category and " Li"  is pan of the " Ends"  category.

是的，“仁”是“本體”范疇，“義”是“行動(dòng)或方式”范疇，而“禮”是“目的”范疇。

A:Sounds complicated !

聽(tīng)起來(lái)太復(fù)雜了！

B:A simple way to remember is this …. to love others; to honour one's parents; to do what is right instead of what is of advantage; to practice "reciprocity, "  or " don't do to others what you would not want yourself"; to rule by moral example, called "De" instead of by force and violence.

有個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的辦法去記這些觀點(diǎn)，就是愛(ài)他人；尊敬自己的父母；去做你認(rèn)為正確的事而不是對(duì)自己有利的事；實(shí)行“互惠”，即“己所不欲，勿施于人”；以“德”服人，而不是靠武力和暴力壓人。

A: OK, so be a nice, kind person, love each other and don't fight.

好了，所以一定要做個(gè)和藹、善良的人，要互相友愛(ài)，不要爭(zhēng)斗。

B: Yes, that's right.

是的，就是這樣。