為什么哈佛大學(xué)由清教徒創(chuàng)建？哈佛最初的名字是什么？什么時(shí)候改名的

今天的這段對(duì)話，在討論哈佛大學(xué)，
 
為什么哈佛大學(xué)由清教徒創(chuàng)建？哈佛最初的名字是什么？什么時(shí)候改名的
 
來(lái)聽(tīng)今天的講解:
 
A: Han Meimei, What’s your plan for the weekend?
 
韓梅梅，你周末有什么計(jì)劃？
 
B: I plan to travel around Harvard University and know more about it. To tell you the truth, I plan to apply for Harvard after graduation from high school. It’s better to get to know it. What about you?
 
我打算去哈佛大學(xué)四處轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)，了解一下。實(shí)話告訴你，我計(jì)劃在高中畢業(yè)之后申請(qǐng)哈佛。我最好先了解一下哈佛。你呢？
 
A:I get together with my Christian brothers on Saturdays.
 
我每周六都和教友們聚會(huì)。
 
B: Oh, my God! John, I didn’t know you are religious. You just look like a scientific kook, like Leonard in the Big Bang Theory.
 
哦，天哪！約翰，我不知道你還信教。你看上去就像個(gè)科學(xué)狂人，像《生活大爆炸》
里的那個(gè)倫納德。
 
A: Come on, Han Meimei, don’t make a fuss. A lot of Americans, including many scientists, believe in religion.
 
得了，韓梅梅，別大驚小怪的。很多美國(guó)人，包括很多科學(xué)家，都信仰宗教。
 
B: But I’m really surprised. I thought science and religion are not compatible，are they?
 
但我真地很吃驚。我以為科學(xué)和宗教是不相容的，難道不是嗎？
 
A:Yes, they are compatible. Actually, the U.S. is both the most developed and the most religious country in the world.
 
不，是可以兼容的。事實(shí)上，美國(guó)是世界上最發(fā)達(dá)、最篤信宗教的國(guó)家。
 
B:I’ve heard about it a little bit before, but I don’t understand. How can people believe in God since they know God doesn’t exist?
 
我以前聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，但我不理解。既然人們知道上帝不存在又怎么能相信上帝呢？
 
A:That’s a little complicated?. You’ll get to know it when you are acquainted with the u.s. history later on. Religion was and is a part of American people’s life. Guess what?? Even Harvard University, which is a highly academic institution, is in a sense the product of religion.
 
這有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜。以后你熟悉美國(guó)歷史后就會(huì)有所了解。不管以前還是現(xiàn)在，宗教都是美國(guó)人生活的一部分。知道嗎？甚至是哈佛大學(xué)這個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)性很強(qiáng)的機(jī)構(gòu)，從某種意義上講也是宗教的產(chǎn)物。
 
B:Really?
 
真的嗎？
 
A:Absolutely！ It was founded by a group of Puritan immigrants from England.
 
當(dāng)然！哈佛是由一批來(lái)自英國(guó)的清教徒移民創(chuàng)建的。
 
B:Why was it founded by Puritans? Where were the atheistic educators?
 
為什么由清教徒創(chuàng)建？那些無(wú)神論教育家呢？
 
A:Because most of the first English immigrants who came to the United States were Puritans.
 
因?yàn)榈谝慌矫绹?guó)的英國(guó)移民大多數(shù)是清教徒。
 
B:How come? I mean why most of them were religious people?
 
怎么回事？我的意思是為什么大部分人是宗教徒？
 
A:That’s because in the 16th and 17th century, there was a series of? religious reforms in England. Many religious separatists were persecuted and fled? to other countries.
 
那是因?yàn)樵?6和17世紀(jì)英國(guó)進(jìn)行了一系列宗敎改革。許多異敎徒遭到迫害，并逃亡到其他國(guó)家。
 
B:So, you mean people didn't enjoy religious freedom in England?
 
那你的意思是人們沒(méi)有宗教自由？
 
A:Yes, that’s why Puritans moved to the New World? where they believed they could establish a heaven for Puritans.Later on, it was these Puritans who founded Harvard College.
 
是的，這就是清教徒遷移到美洲新大陸的原因，他們相信可以在那里建立一個(gè)清教徒的天堂。后來(lái)，就是這些清教徒創(chuàng)建了哈佛學(xué)院。
 
B:Why did they want to found a college?
 
他們?yōu)槭裁聪氲揭ㄒ凰鶎W(xué)院呢？
 
A:Many Puritans had received classic style of higher education in Oxford University and Cambridge University back in England. They hoped that their descendants? could receive this kind of education as well.
 
很多清教徒還在英國(guó)時(shí)，在牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)接受了古典式的高等敎育。他們希望自己的后代也能接受這種教育。
 
B: Oh, I see.
 
噢，我明白了。
 
A: Actually Harvard was first named “New College”，without a formal namev
 
實(shí)際上哈佛最初的名字是"新學(xué)院”，沒(méi)有一個(gè)正式名稱。
 
B: When did it begin to be called Harvard University?
 
什么時(shí)候改名為哈佛的？
 
A: In 1639, it was renamed after its major benefactor? John Harvard. Interestingly, John Harvard himself was a clergyman?.
 
1639年以捐贈(zèng)者約翰哈佛的名字重新命名。有趣的是，約翰哈佛自己也是個(gè)牧師。
 
B: It seems that Harvard was predestined to? be influenced by religion.
 
貌似哈佛注定要受宗教的影響。
 
A: Therefore, it’s not exaggerate to claim that had there not been religion, there would not
be Harvard.
 
所以，在一定程度上說(shuō)，如果沒(méi)有宗教就沒(méi)有哈佛一點(diǎn)都不夸張。
 
B: Wow, I didn’t know that religion had played such an important role in Harvard history.
 
哇，我以前不知道宗教在哈佛歷史上扮演了如此重要的角色。
 
A: Religion has been playing an Indispensible? part in Harvard history as well as the U.S. history.
 
宗教在美國(guó)歷史和哈佛歷史上一直都扮演著不可缺少的角色。
 
B: I finally begin to get to know Harvard. It seems that my knowledge of Harvard is rather poor. I have a lot work to do before applying for Harvard.
 
我終于開(kāi)始了解哈佛了。看來(lái)我對(duì)于哈佛的知識(shí)很匱乏。在申請(qǐng)哈佛之前我有很多工作要做。
 
A: Remember that Harvard is a part of the United States. So you have to know the U.S. history and culture if you want to have in-depth knowledge of Harvard. The two are closely related.
 
記住，哈佛是美國(guó)的一部分。所以，如果你想深入了解哈佛，你就必須得知道美國(guó)的歷史和文化。兩者是緊密相連的。
 
B:That’s right. I have a lot to learn from you.
 
對(duì)，我要向你多多學(xué)習(xí)。
 
A: You can ask me any question at any time.
 
有問(wèn)題可以隨時(shí)問(wèn)我。