“市鎮(zhèn)與學袍”是什么意思？市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間為什么曾經對立
今天的這段對話，在討論市鎮(zhèn)與學袍，
“市鎮(zhèn)與學袍”是什么意思？市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間為什么曾經對立
來聽今天的講解:
A: What are you reading?
你在讀什么呢，安娜？
B: Oh, a book about the history of Cambridge. I'm reading the part named “Town and Gown”.
我在看一本關于劍橋歷史的書，正讀到“市鎮(zhèn)與學袍”的部分。
A: What does this phrase mean?
這是什么意思？
B: “Town” and “gown” are referring to the two distinct communities of a university town: “town” being the non-academic population and “gown" metonymlcally being the university community.
市鎮(zhèn)與學袍是指大學城里面截然不同的兩個群體。“市鎮(zhèn)”指的不槁學術研究的普通市民，而“學袍”當然是指大學了。
A: I see. Just like some ancient seats of learning such as Oxford, Cambridge and St. Andrews.
我明白了。一些古老的大學所在地就是這樣的大學城，比如牛津、劍橋和圣安德魯斯等等？
B: You’re right. Sometimes, the term is also used to describe modem university towns.
你說的對。有時候，這個也用來指代現在的大學城。
A: Perhaps this term came into being when the oldest universities in the world began to form. I guess it was in the Middle Ages?
也許這個詞是伴隨著世界上最古老的幾所大學的成立而產生的吧，我想那是在中世紀。
B: Yes. During that time, students admitted to the European universities often held minor clerical status and donned garb similar to that worn by the clergy. These vestments evolved into the academic long black gown, worn along with hood and cap.
是的。那時候，歐洲的大學生們常常會被安排一個無關緊要的神職，他們經常穿著和神職人員相似的衣服。那種衣服經過長時間的演變，就漸漸變成了長長的黑色學士袍，外加上垂布和一頂帽子。
A: We can see that the hood nowadays is often adorned with different colors; maybe that is the way to designate from which college the young scholars come from.
現在的垂布經常會用不同的顏色來裝飾，也許這就是用來分辯那些年輕的學者分別來自哪個學院的一種方法吧。
B:Besides, by their distinctive clothing, the students were set apart and distinguished from the citizens of the town; hence the phrase “town and gown”.
此外，因為這種特別的服裝，學生們就和市桌'們區(qū)別開了。所以才有了 "市鎮(zhèn)和學袍”這個說法。
A: Now that kind of gown has become a tradition in the universities. University students all over the world wear gowns like that at special occasions, for example, the degree ceremony and so on.
現在，這種服裝已經成為了大學里的一項傳統(tǒng)。世界各地的大學生在特殊的場含都會穿這種學袍，比如說在畢業(yè)典禮上。
B:That’s true. Now you understand this phrase, and do you want to know more about it?
對啊。現在你知道這個說法的意思了吧，想不想了解更多關于“市鎮(zhèn)和學袍”的事情啊？
A: I’d like to. Tell me more about it!
快講講吧。
B: OK. The town and gown rivalry is mentioned in the book, too.
好的。書里面還提到了市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的對立。
A: Rivalry? You mean they do not get along well with each other?
對立？你是說他們之間的關系不好嗎？
B:Yes. Conflict was inevitable in the medieval university towns where two separately governed bodies with different priorities and loyalties shared the same restricted space.
對。中世紀的大學城里，這兩個獨立團體身處同一片土地，卻有著不同權益和信仰，免不了會發(fā)生沖突。
A: Sounds reasonable. Moreover, violence was commonplace in medieval life, not only between scholars and townsmen but among ordinary citizens.
說的有道理。再說，暴力事件在中世紀十分普遍，不僅僅是在學者與市民之間，市民之間也常常會發(fā)生。
B:It also happened between scholars from different regions of Europe who attended the universities. Violent confrontations between town and gown erupted on a recurring basis.
來自歐洲不同地區(qū)的學者之間也會起沖突。市鎮(zhèn)與大學之間的沖突更是會反復發(fā)生。
A: I heard that The University of Cambridge was originally set-up after a fight between the townspeople of Oxford and scholars from the University of Oxford forced many scholars to flee to a new location.
我聽說，劍橋大學就起源于牛津市民和牛津大學之間的一場爭端，許多牛津的學者不得不逃到一個新的地方。
B: That is mentioned in the book. That was in 1209，and several decades later, the tension between the scholars at Cambridge and the towns people forced the King to grant special privileges and protection to Cambridge University.
書里面也提到了這一點。那是在1209年了。幾十年后，劍橋學者和市民之間的矛盾又激化了，國王不得不親自出面授予大學一些特權，對其進行保護。
A: As urban universities increase in size and complexity, the conflict between them may become more and more severe.
隨著大學的面積不斷擴大，結構越來越復雜，他們之間的沖突就越來越激烈。
B: That's for sure. To a large extent, “town versus gown" disputes have moved from the streets into the courts and city hall.
這是肯定的。有時候，市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的織爭甚至會從大街上轉移到法院和市政廳。
A: Did they ever pay regard to the town-gown connection?
他們難道從來都不考慮市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的緊密聯系嗎？
B: No idea. Universities boast that their existence is the backbone of the town economy, while the towns counter with claims that the institution is “robbing” them of tax revenue.
我也不知道。大學會說是城市經濟的支柱，而城市反而會指責大學搶走了他們的一部分稅收。
A: The same thing may happen today, however the situation is much better than before since violence seldom happened.
這在今天也可能發(fā)生，可是情況已經比原來好多了，至少暴力事件很少出現。
“市鎮(zhèn)與學袍”是什么意思？市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間為什么曾經對立
來聽今天的講解:
A: What are you reading?
你在讀什么呢，安娜？
B: Oh, a book about the history of Cambridge. I'm reading the part named “Town and Gown”.
我在看一本關于劍橋歷史的書，正讀到“市鎮(zhèn)與學袍”的部分。
A: What does this phrase mean?
這是什么意思？
B: “Town” and “gown” are referring to the two distinct communities of a university town: “town” being the non-academic population and “gown" metonymlcally being the university community.
市鎮(zhèn)與學袍是指大學城里面截然不同的兩個群體。“市鎮(zhèn)”指的不槁學術研究的普通市民，而“學袍”當然是指大學了。
A: I see. Just like some ancient seats of learning such as Oxford, Cambridge and St. Andrews.
我明白了。一些古老的大學所在地就是這樣的大學城，比如牛津、劍橋和圣安德魯斯等等？
B: You’re right. Sometimes, the term is also used to describe modem university towns.
你說的對。有時候，這個也用來指代現在的大學城。
A: Perhaps this term came into being when the oldest universities in the world began to form. I guess it was in the Middle Ages?
也許這個詞是伴隨著世界上最古老的幾所大學的成立而產生的吧，我想那是在中世紀。
B: Yes. During that time, students admitted to the European universities often held minor clerical status and donned garb similar to that worn by the clergy. These vestments evolved into the academic long black gown, worn along with hood and cap.
是的。那時候，歐洲的大學生們常常會被安排一個無關緊要的神職，他們經常穿著和神職人員相似的衣服。那種衣服經過長時間的演變，就漸漸變成了長長的黑色學士袍，外加上垂布和一頂帽子。
A: We can see that the hood nowadays is often adorned with different colors; maybe that is the way to designate from which college the young scholars come from.
現在的垂布經常會用不同的顏色來裝飾，也許這就是用來分辯那些年輕的學者分別來自哪個學院的一種方法吧。
B:Besides, by their distinctive clothing, the students were set apart and distinguished from the citizens of the town; hence the phrase “town and gown”.
此外，因為這種特別的服裝，學生們就和市桌'們區(qū)別開了。所以才有了 "市鎮(zhèn)和學袍”這個說法。
A: Now that kind of gown has become a tradition in the universities. University students all over the world wear gowns like that at special occasions, for example, the degree ceremony and so on.
現在，這種服裝已經成為了大學里的一項傳統(tǒng)。世界各地的大學生在特殊的場含都會穿這種學袍，比如說在畢業(yè)典禮上。
B:That’s true. Now you understand this phrase, and do you want to know more about it?
對啊。現在你知道這個說法的意思了吧，想不想了解更多關于“市鎮(zhèn)和學袍”的事情啊？
A: I’d like to. Tell me more about it!
快講講吧。
B: OK. The town and gown rivalry is mentioned in the book, too.
好的。書里面還提到了市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的對立。
A: Rivalry? You mean they do not get along well with each other?
對立？你是說他們之間的關系不好嗎？
B:Yes. Conflict was inevitable in the medieval university towns where two separately governed bodies with different priorities and loyalties shared the same restricted space.
對。中世紀的大學城里，這兩個獨立團體身處同一片土地，卻有著不同權益和信仰，免不了會發(fā)生沖突。
A: Sounds reasonable. Moreover, violence was commonplace in medieval life, not only between scholars and townsmen but among ordinary citizens.
說的有道理。再說，暴力事件在中世紀十分普遍，不僅僅是在學者與市民之間，市民之間也常常會發(fā)生。
B:It also happened between scholars from different regions of Europe who attended the universities. Violent confrontations between town and gown erupted on a recurring basis.
來自歐洲不同地區(qū)的學者之間也會起沖突。市鎮(zhèn)與大學之間的沖突更是會反復發(fā)生。
A: I heard that The University of Cambridge was originally set-up after a fight between the townspeople of Oxford and scholars from the University of Oxford forced many scholars to flee to a new location.
我聽說，劍橋大學就起源于牛津市民和牛津大學之間的一場爭端，許多牛津的學者不得不逃到一個新的地方。
B: That is mentioned in the book. That was in 1209，and several decades later, the tension between the scholars at Cambridge and the towns people forced the King to grant special privileges and protection to Cambridge University.
書里面也提到了這一點。那是在1209年了。幾十年后，劍橋學者和市民之間的矛盾又激化了，國王不得不親自出面授予大學一些特權，對其進行保護。
A: As urban universities increase in size and complexity, the conflict between them may become more and more severe.
隨著大學的面積不斷擴大，結構越來越復雜，他們之間的沖突就越來越激烈。
B: That's for sure. To a large extent, “town versus gown" disputes have moved from the streets into the courts and city hall.
這是肯定的。有時候，市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的織爭甚至會從大街上轉移到法院和市政廳。
A: Did they ever pay regard to the town-gown connection?
他們難道從來都不考慮市鎮(zhèn)和大學之間的緊密聯系嗎？
B: No idea. Universities boast that their existence is the backbone of the town economy, while the towns counter with claims that the institution is “robbing” them of tax revenue.
我也不知道。大學會說是城市經濟的支柱，而城市反而會指責大學搶走了他們的一部分稅收。
A: The same thing may happen today, however the situation is much better than before since violence seldom happened.
這在今天也可能發(fā)生，可是情況已經比原來好多了，至少暴力事件很少出現。
