中級美國英語虛擬語氣（四）
一.本課要點及示例
在這一課里, 我們要復(fù)習(xí)怎么作假設(shè)性句子來說明跟現(xiàn)在或是過去的事實相反的條件和結(jié)果, 比方: "如果他在這兒, 他會跟我們一塊去." If he were here, he would go with us. "如果他昨天在這兒, 當(dāng)時他會跟我們?nèi)? "If he had been here yesterday, he would have gone with us. 等等, 同時我們也要復(fù)習(xí) hope, h-o-p-e, hope跟 wish, w-i-s-h, wish 在意思跟用法上的分別.
首先我們先來聽今天這一課的對話, 內(nèi)容是說鮑勃跟珍妮談起了選舉跟助選的事情. 請你注意聽兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語調(diào).
M: Did you vote in the last election?
F: No. I wish I had voted, but I wasn't old enough. Did you?
M: Yes, I did. But I wish I had worked in the campaign. I would certainly have if I hadn't gone to China.
F: Did you have a chance to work on a campaign?
M: Yes, I was offered a job as a campaign lead man.
F: What would you have done if you had accepted the job?
M: I would have gone to states where there were primary elections. I would have set up rallies and organized people.
F: You could have traveled all over the country.
M: Yes, I could have. But instead I traveled all over China.
現(xiàn)在我們再把整段對話聽一遍. 這次老師念得比較慢, 請你注意聽.
M: Did you vote in the last election?
F: No. I wish I had voted, but I wasn't old enough. Did you?
M: Yes, I did. But I wish I had worked in the campaign. I would certainly have if I hadn't gone to China.
F: Did you have a chance to work on a campaign?
M: Yes, I was offered a job as a campaign lead man.
F: What would you have done if you had accepted the job?
M: I would have gone to states where there were primary elections. I would have set up rallies and organized people.
F: You could have traveled all over the country.
M: Yes, I could have. But instead I traveled all over China.
下面我把對話里包含了今天要復(fù)習(xí)的語法的句子挑出來, 請老師再念一遍給你聽.
F: I wish I had voted.
M: I wish I had worked in the campaign.
F: What would you have done if you had accepted the job?
M: I would have gone to states where there were primary elections. I would have set up rallies.
F: You could have traveled all over the country.
二.復(fù)習(xí) IF 引導(dǎo)的跟事實相反的情況
現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí), 一方面復(fù)習(xí)語法, 一方面復(fù)習(xí)詞匯. 第一組練習(xí)的作法是由老師根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容提出跟過去事實相反的問句, 比方:What would Bob have done if he hadn't gone to China? 接著老師說: work in the campaign. 學(xué)生就用老師提出的詞組來回答問題, 所以答案就是: He would have worked in the campaign if he hadn't gone to China. 請你在學(xué)生作練習(xí)的時候也一起作. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.
M: What would Bob have done if he hadn't gone to China?
M: work in the campaign.
F: He would have worked in the campaign if he hadn't gone to China.
M: What would he have done if he had worked in the campaign?
M: travel all over the country
F: He would have traveled all over the country if he had worked in the campaign.
M: What would he have done if he had traveled all over the country?
M: go to primary elections
F: He would have gone to primary elections if he had traveled all over the country.
M: What would he have done if he had gone to primary elections?
M: set up rallies
F: He would have set up rallies if he had gone to primary elections.
M: What would he have done if he had set up rallies?
M: organize people
F: He would have organized people if he had set up rallies.
M: What would he have done if he had organized people?
M: help his friend win the election
F: He would have helped his friend win the election if he had organized people.
三.復(fù)習(xí) WISH
以前我們學(xué)過 wish, w-i-s-h, wish 可以用來表達沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望, 比方你的朋友不能夠跟你去看電影, 你覺得很遺憾, 你就說: "我真希望你能跟我一起去."I wish you could go with me. 如果這件事發(fā)生在昨天或是更早以前你就必須這么說: I wish you could have gone with me. 現(xiàn)在我們作一組練習(xí), 學(xué)學(xué)第二種說法, 看看怎么表達跟過去事實相反的愿望. 練習(xí)的內(nèi)容都跟鮑勃沒有參加助選團而感到遺憾有關(guān)系. 練習(xí)的作法是由老師用過去時態(tài)說明鮑勃沒有作的事情, 比方: "他沒有去參加政治會議." He didn't go to the political conventions. 請你把句子改成: He wishs he had gone to the political conventions. 每作完一句老師就會把正確答案念給你聽. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.
M: He didn't vote.
F: He wishes he had voted.
M: He didn't take part in the primary elections.
F: He wishes he had taken part in the primary elections.
M: He didn't hear the candidates' campaign speeches.
F: He wishes he had heard the candidates' campaign speeches.
M: He didn't participate in the campaign.
F: He wishes he had participated in the campaign.
M: He didn't go to the political conventions.
F: He wishes he had gone to the political conventions.
M: He didn't set up political rallies.
F: He wishes he had set up political rallies.
M: He didn't help his friend win the election.
F: He wishes he had helped his friend win the election.
四.復(fù)習(xí)HOPE
現(xiàn)在我們復(fù)習(xí)hope, h-o-p-e, hope的用法.這個字可以用來表達未來可能實現(xiàn)的愿望. 下面一組練習(xí)的內(nèi)容都跟鮑勃希望將來能夠作的事情有關(guān)系. 練習(xí)的作法是先由男老師提出過去時態(tài)疑問句, 比方: Did he vote?女老師就回答說: No, he didn't. He hopes to do it next time. 在女老師回答之后請你再跟她一起把答案重復(fù)一遍. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.
M: Did he vote?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to do it next time.
M: Did he work in the campaign?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to work in it next time.
M: Did he take part in the primary elections?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to take part in them next time.
M: Did he go to the political conventions?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to go to them next time.
M: Did he set up political rallies?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to set them up next time.
M: Did he help his friend win the election?
F: No, he didn't. He hopes to help his friend win it next time.
五.復(fù)習(xí)跟過去事實相反的說法
下面我們再作一組練習(xí), 一方面復(fù)習(xí)跟過去事實相反的說法, 一方面復(fù)習(xí)以前學(xué)過的詞匯, 比方平衡預(yù)算, 裁減赤字, 制造就業(yè)機會, 爭取民權(quán)等等. 練習(xí)的內(nèi)容是說鮑勃所支持的候選人沒有當(dāng)選; 不過如果他當(dāng)時選上了, 他會不會設(shè)法實踐競選諾言. 練習(xí)的作法是由珍妮問鮑勃一些問題, 比方: Would he have tried to carry out his campaign promises if he had been elected? 鮑勃就肯定地答覆說: He would have tried to carry out his campaign promises. 請你注意聽珍妮問問題,然后跟鮑勃一起回答.
F: Would he have tried to carry out his campaign promises if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to carry out his campaign promises.
F: Would he have tried to balance the budget if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to balance the budget.
F: Would he have tried to cut spending if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to cut spending.
F: Would he have tried to reduce the deficit if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to reduce the deficit.
F: Would he have tried to create job opportunities if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to create job opportunities.
F: Would he have tried to improve the economy if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to improve the economy.
F: Would he have tried to fight for civil rights if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to fight for civil rights.
F: Would he have tried to look after senior citizens if he had been elected?
M: He would have tried to look after senior citizens.
六.復(fù)習(xí) WISH
下面我們作一組練習(xí), 一方面復(fù)習(xí)用 wish 來表達跟現(xiàn)在的情況相反的愿望,一方面學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯, 比方 "工作賣力" dedicated, "有果斷力" decisive, "知識豐富" knowledgeable, "能言善道" eloquent, "思想創(chuàng)新" innovative 等等. 練習(xí)的內(nèi)容說到鮑勃決定不選某個候選人的種種原因. 練習(xí)的作法是鮑勃用if 說出跟目前的情況相反的話,比方: If he were more experienced,I would vote for him. 請你把句子改成: I wish he were more experienced. 每作完一句, 老師就會把句子再念一遍給你聽. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.
M: If he were more experienced, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more experienced.
M: If he were more dedicated, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more dedicated.
M: If he were more organized, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more organized.
M: If he were more decisive, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more decisive.
M: If he were more knowledgeable, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more knowledgeable.
M: If he were more eloquent, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more eloquent.
M: If he were more innovative, I would vote for him.
F: I wish he were more innovative.
七.聽短文回答問題
今天我們要聽一篇介紹美國總統(tǒng)選舉的文章. 這篇文章談到大選的基本程序,美國兩個主要政黨提名的候選人怎么樣從事競選等等.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽, 等一會兒我們還是依照慣例按著文章內(nèi)容, 問你三個問題.
Every four years, Americans elect a president. According to the constitution any American citizen over 40 years of age who was born in the U.S. can be president. There are always many candidates who hope they will be elected. There are many political parties in the United States, and most of these will have candidates for president. However, two political parties are much stronger than the others. They are called the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. For over a hundred years, the man elected as president has always been either a Democrat or a Republican. All American citizens over 18 years of age can vote for a president. The process of electing a president takes nearly a year. During the election year there are numerous local elections, called primary elections, held in many of the fifty states. These elections indicate who the most popular candidates are. In primary elections, usually held in the winter and spring, candidates run against members of their own parties. In this way they try to get support of party members around the country. During the summer,both parties have conventions where the party members make the final choice for the party's presidential candidate. Each party chooses a person to run for president and a person to run for vice president. The two candidates work as a team. They will win or lose the election together. Once the final candidates are chosen, they campaign around the country, trying to win votes. The national election is held in November. The candidate who wins becomes president the following January. The election process is long and costly. Thousands of people work for the leading candidates. Millions of dollars are spent. Individuals prepare to run for presidency for many years. Nearly all of these people fail to ever win.
現(xiàn)在請你回答問題. 在你回答之后老師會念出正確答案給你聽.
第一個問題是:
M: How do Americans choose a president?
F: They hold elections every 4 years.
第二個問題是:
M: What are "primary elections"?
F: They are local elections held before the national election.
第三個問題是:
M: When are the final candidates chosen?
F: They are chosen in party conventions during the summer.
