雅思英語(yǔ)考試寫作高分秘籍分享
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)涵的邏輯性，后者指的是運(yùn)用變換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連，語(yǔ)句之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)涵的有機(jī)的聯(lián)絡(luò);反之，只有意連而沒(méi)有形連，有時(shí)行文就不行流通。
1、意連
階段中語(yǔ)句的擺放應(yīng)遵循必定的次第，不能想到什么就寫什么。假如在著筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。
下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的擺放方式。
A. 按時(shí)刻先后擺放(chronological arrangement) We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從"rose"(起床)寫起，然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast", "closing at nine o'clock")，然后是"close to noon"，一向?qū)懙竭@一天完畢("By nine--")。
B. 按方位遠(yuǎn)近擺放(spatial arrangement) 例如：From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠(yuǎn)及近，從遠(yuǎn)處("from a distance")寫起，然后"get closer"，再到(" ten feet away")，最后是"inside the pagoda"……當(dāng)然，按方位遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)寫不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及近。根據(jù)需要，也能夠由近及遠(yuǎn)，由外至內(nèi)等等。
C. 按邏輯關(guān)系擺放(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序擺放(arrangement insgroupsof importance) If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 這一段談的是表達(dá)能力，它的重要性與工作，身份有關(guān)，從"not need much skill"或"of little importance"到"more important"，最后是"most important"。
b. 由一般到特別擺放(general-to-specific arrangement) If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A ---- the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 這一段談的是a writer's carelessness，先給出一個(gè)general statement作為主題句，然后經(jīng)過(guò)5個(gè)"perhaps"加以比方。
c. 由特別到一般擺放(specific-to-general arrangement) I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。然后對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行比較，末句才下結(jié)論。
2、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠恰當(dāng)?shù)淖儞Q詞語(yǔ)及其他手法來(lái)完成。請(qǐng)讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)：
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies --- in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)有兩種，一種是變換詞語(yǔ)(transitional words or phrases)，另一種是起變換效果的其他銜接手法(linking devices)。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his.本段1有詞匯105個(gè)，所運(yùn)用的變換詞語(yǔ)及其他銜接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞，約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見(jiàn)，掌握好transitions不僅對(duì)行文的流通(smoothness)有利，并且關(guān)于學(xué)生在規(guī)則時(shí)刻內(nèi)寫足所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)也是不無(wú)優(yōu)點(diǎn)的。
一個(gè)階段里假如沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了.咱們看下面一個(gè)比方：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開(kāi)頭呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)起過(guò)渡效果的"it"之外，沒(méi)有運(yùn)用其他的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ).這樣，文中呈現(xiàn)許多重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ)，全段讀起來(lái)也顯得僵硬而不自然。假如加上必要的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)潤(rùn)飾的話，這一段就成了下面一個(gè)流通連接的階段：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
相信大家的寫作能力一定會(huì)更上一層樓的!
