雅思寫作中形式主語it駕馭能力提高

　　在看學(xué)生的雅思寫作文章過程中，總會看到這樣的文字，“college;graduates;are;difficult;to;find;jobs”，“parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children;is;extremely;important”，“students;cannot;focus;on;their;study;because;of;tiredness;is;a;fact”，“Clearly,;rush;hours;emerges;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;early;evening;which;is;most;busy;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.”;這幾個句子，雖然長短不一，結(jié)構(gòu)不同，話題各異，但是，學(xué)生對形式主語it的駕馭能力的欠缺，是可見一斑的。

　　二、形式主語;

　　(一)什么是形式主語

　　作為形式主語的it并無實(shí)際語義，是為滿足語法上的需要，避免句子頭重腳輕，它代替的是句子的邏輯主語。

　　(二)形式主語it所在的句型類別

　　1、作不定式的形式主語

　　(1)句型

　　It;is;+;a;pity/a;pleasure;+;to;do;sth.

　　It;is;+;wrong/right/wise/cruel/naughty/selfish;+;of;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

　　It;is;+;necessary/hard/important/difficult/possible/common;+;for;sb.;+;to;do;sth.

　　(2)雅思范文寫作實(shí)例

　　A.;Beyond;this,;it;is;also;of;paramount;importance;to;use;theaters;and;museums;as;the;“social;classroom”;of;culture;and;history;education.

　　B.;I;think;it;is;by;no;means;pointless,;in;any;way,;to;try;to;keep;traditions;alive;with;technology.;(Cambridge;3,;P162,;Task;2)

　　C.;It;is;difficult;to;say;who;has;the;right;to;judge;whether;children;working;is;“wrong”;or;“valuable”.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

　　D.;…,;it;is;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;develop;skills;other;than;intellectual;ones,;and;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

　　E.;Finally,;I;think;that;it;is;also;important;to;remember;that;children;need;to;relax;as;well;as;work,;…(Cambridge;3,;P168,;Task;2)

　　F.;Because;people;interpret;happiness;for;themselves;in;so;many;different;ways,;it;is;difficult;to;give;ang;definition;that;is;true;for;everyone.;(Cambridge;4,;P165,;Task;2)

　　G.;It;is;quite;common;these;days;for;young;people;in;many;countries;to;have;a;break;for;studying;after;graduation;from;high;school.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

　　H.;They;may;think;that;it;is;better;to;continue;in;a;particular;job,;or;to;do;sth;completely;different;from;from;a;university;course.;(Cambridge;5,;P165,;Task;2)

　　據(jù)本人統(tǒng)計(jì)，劍橋官方的雅思真題(劍3—劍8)幾乎每一篇Task2考官范文中，都有所使用，甚至在有的文章中出現(xiàn)三次之多。

　　(3)學(xué)生寫作實(shí)例

　　實(shí)例1：Many;people,;if;not;most,;are;strong;believer;in;the;claim;that;regard;children;go;to;work;as;completely;wrong,while;others;hold;the;opposite;opinion.

　　修改建議：it;is;completely;wrong;for;children;to;go;to;work.

　　實(shí)例2：They;have;to;complete;their;homework;conscientiously;within;limited;time;and;difficult;to;discover;the;problems;in;studies.

　　修改建議：thus;it;is;difficult;to;discover;their;problems;in;study.

　　實(shí)例3：College;graduates;are;difficult;to;find;jobs.

　　修改建議：It;is;difficult;for;college;graduates;to;find;jobs.

　　實(shí)例4：Parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children;is;extremely;important.

　　修改建議：It;is;extremely;important;for;parents;to;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

　　It;is;extremely;important;that;parents;realise;the;needs;of;their;children.

　　2、作動名詞的形式主語

　　(1)句型

　　It;is;+;(no);use/good/useless/a;waste;of;time/energy/efforts;+;doing;sth.

　　It;is;+;good/useless/hard/foolish/enjoyable/worthwhile;+;doing;sth.

　　(2)雅思范文寫作實(shí)例

　　A.;For;instance,;children;usually;pay;attention;to;match;their;clothing;and;toys;;in;fact,;it;is;really;worth;competing;thing;that;their;study;is;being;ignored.

　　B.;Some;parents;believe;that;it;is;no;use;having;second;education;for;their;kids.

　　(3)學(xué)生作文實(shí)例

　　實(shí)例：Particular;countries;and;individuals;deals;with;environmental;issues;are;no;use.

　　修改建議：It;is;no;use;dealing;with;environmental;issues;by;particular;countries;and;indivuduals.

　　3、作主語從句的形式主語

　　(1)句型

　　It;is;+;(adj);n./(adv.);adj./(adv.)v-ed;+;that……

　　It;+;seems/happens/appears/matters//strikes/occurs(突然想起);+;that……

　　It;is;+;said/reported/believed/(universally/widely);accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged;+;that……

　　It;+;must;be;admitted/stressed;out;+;that…/It;+;cannot;be;denied;+;that….../It;+;can;be;foreseen;+;that……

　　It;+;goes;without;saying;+;that…

　　(2)雅思范文實(shí)例

　　A.;It;is;an;understandable;fact;that;many;employers;may;prefer;to;use;the;services;of;children;simply;to;save;money;by;paying;them;less;than;adults;and;it;is;this;type;of;exploitation;tht;should;be;discouraged.;(Cambridge;3,;P164,;Task;2)

　　B.;Admittedly,;it;is;common;sense;that;a;person;without;cooperative;spirit;will;be;difficult;to;survive;in;the;modern;society.

　　C.;Unfortunately,;it;is;not;always;the;case;that;new;things;are;promoted;because;they;have;good;impacts;for;the;majority;of;people.;(Cambridge;6,;P168,;Task;2)

　　D.;It;is;clear;from;the;data;given;that;there;are;some;significant;differences;in;spending;habits;in;Europe.;(Cambridge;3,;P161,;Task;1)

　　E.;It;goes;without;saying;that;it;pays;to;keep;early;hours.

　　F.;Take;holding;an;Olympic;games;as;an;example,;it;is;no;doubt;it;will;take;millions;of;money;to;build;stadiums.

　　G.;A;more;dramatic;rise;is;predicted;between;2030;and;2040;in;Japan,;by;which;time;it;is;thought;that;the;proportion;of;elderly;people;will;be;similar;in;the;three;countries.;(Cambridge;5,;P162,;Task;1)

　　H.;It;seems;that;the;experiences;we;have;in;life;are;so;unpredictable;and;so;powerful,;that;they;can;boost;or;overide;other;influences,;…(Cambridge;5,;P169,;Task;2)

　　(3)學(xué)生寫作實(shí)例

　　實(shí)例1：It;is;quite;obvious/evident/apparent;that;the;quantity;of;families;who;tends;to;go;outside;and;infuse;fresh;oxygen;into;their;lungs;is;growing;steadily.

　　實(shí)例2：It;is;universally;acknowledged;that;the;best;way;to;arouse;people’s;love;to;our;nature,;who;has;devoted;herself;too;much;to;human;being’s;development;while;has;received;barely;anything;till;now,;is;to;let;them;see;the;beauty;of;hers;by;themselves.

　　這是XVCC23強(qiáng)化班里一位基礎(chǔ)較好的學(xué)生的寫作實(shí)例，其中的語法、措辭方面的錯誤已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了修改。

　　實(shí)例3：Clearly,;rush;hours;emerges;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;(in;the);early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.

　　修改建議：這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是無可厚非的(語法就不說啦)，但是，按照雅思評分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，句式稍微做一下調(diào)整，會更漂亮：如：It;is;clear;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.或者改成It;is;demonstrated;that;rush;hours;emerge;in;the;early;morning;as;well;as;in;the;early;evening;which;is;most;busy/the;busiest;in;a;day;as;a;whole;in;London.這樣一個小小的調(diào)整，其句子修改前后的效果是顯而易見的。

　　(三)it作形式主語的特征分析

　　根據(jù)以上對it作形式主語的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的解析，對雅思寫作范文、尤其是官方考官范文的分析，以及對學(xué)生寫作過程中出現(xiàn)的it使用狀況的詳細(xì)解讀可知：相比較于名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句的復(fù)雜性和多邊性，it作為形式主語的句式結(jié)構(gòu)可謂簡明扼要，學(xué)生掌握起來應(yīng)該說是得心應(yīng)手的。

　　(四)不能正確使用it形式主語的原因

　　在信息編排時，英語句子遵循“end;focus”的原則，即舊信息在前，新信息在后“old;information+new;information”;但是，當(dāng)句子主語結(jié)構(gòu)較長，容易使句子產(chǎn)生“head;weight”的感覺時，句子結(jié)構(gòu)則遵循“end;weight”的原則，即，把較長的主語全部置于句子尾部。前面空掉的主語位置用it來代替，擔(dān)當(dāng)形式主語的功能。

　　而漢語并不具有這類明顯的特征，學(xué)生對英漢兩種語言結(jié)構(gòu)差異知之甚少，或者略有所知，在真正的運(yùn)用中，也未必能夠正確的體現(xiàn)出來。多數(shù)學(xué)生都本著漢語式的思維，一遇到“某人做某事是怎么樣的/是什么”就習(xí)慣性地寫成t">

　　三、總結(jié);

　　建議學(xué)生在雅思學(xué)習(xí)中，采取步步為營的四步走戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，循序漸進(jìn)：首先，記住句型結(jié)構(gòu);其次，模仿寫作;之后，進(jìn)行獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作;最后，形成屬于自己的模板句型。作為雅思寫作學(xué)習(xí)中可控制的因素，我們可以培養(yǎng)句式運(yùn)用的習(xí)慣，使習(xí)慣稱為自然。為了我們雅思的學(xué)習(xí)這個努力是值得的，it;pays;in;the;long;run.