雅思閱讀中語法體現(xiàn)

雅思閱讀中語法體現(xiàn)

并列平行結構Co-ordination Constructions

 “并列平行結構”是一個比較籠統(tǒng)的提法。事實上，在一個較長的英語句子中，并列平行的部分可能是幾個句子，也可能是幾個并列的短語成分。但是，其構成規(guī)律都可用以下句型來表示：

句型I.    A;B (  其中A和B代表兩個并列分句，或是兩個并列的短語)

句型II    A，whereas/while B(其中A和B代表兩個并列分句，或是兩個并列的短語，where as/ while 為聯(lián)結詞)

句型III    A（，）and /or B(其中Ａ和Ｂ代表兩個并列分句，或是兩個并列的短語；逗號有時可以沒有，在肯定句中，多用ａｎｄ來連接，而在否定句中，多用or來連接)

句型IV    Ａ，Ｂ，．．．．and/orＸ（其中A和B代表多個并列分句，或是多個并列短語；在肯定句中，常用and連接，而在否定句中，常用or來連接）

Insurance is compulsory and costly and parking both on and off campus can be problem requiring additional expense.

譯文

保險是必需的而且費用很高；在校園內外停車可能是個問題，會要求額外的費用。

Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks.

分析

Step 1

從前往后閱讀該句時，不難看出此句是由Geologists believe that + 賓語從句構成的主干結構，而且賓語從句的主語，謂語部分也很清楚，即：the warning signs for a major earthquake may include……. 現(xiàn)在的關鍵是把include 后面的賓語部分弄清楚。

Step 2 對于include 后面的賓語部分，即：sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks，誰與誰是并列平行呢？我們不妨用上面所講的方法來分析一下。很容易，我們能發(fā)現(xiàn)這種情況是屬于句型IV. 也就是說，要先找到連接詞and 之后的那一個成分，然后以該成分的意思為出發(fā)點，從后往前，以逗號為停頓段開點來倒著找，最終逐個找出與該詞在意思上平行的其他多個各并列成分。

Step 3 顯然，連接詞and之后的那一個成分是：variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks.然后，以該句的意思為出發(fā)點，從后往前，以逗號為停頓段開點來倒著找，我們分別找到了：sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust,  以及changes in the measured strain across a fault zone這三個相對獨立的詞群。這樣，我們就找到了the warning signs for a major earthquake may include 之后的4個并列平行成分， 即：（1）sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity,（2）tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust,（3）changes in the measured strain across a fault zone,（4）and variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks.

 Step 4

最后，我們把剛才的分析連起來理解，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這個長句的結構是這樣的：主語+ 謂語＋從句（賓語從句主語＋賓語從句謂語＋賓語從句賓語Ａ＋賓語從句賓語Ｂ＋賓語從句賓語Ｃ＋賓語從句賓語Ｄ）

譯文

地質學家們相信大地震的警告信號包括：當?shù)氐卣鸹顒拥耐蝗徊▌?，地殼傾斜或其它的變形，跨斷層處測出的張力的改變，以及地下巖石的電廠性質的變動。

練習題：

1. The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, or the ways in which they are related to one another

分析

investigate 后所帶的賓語是3 個平行并列成分，它們的排列類型符合句型IV，即：A，B，or C。具體來說這3 個成分分別是：（1）the anatomy of plants, (2) their mechanisms of growth,(３) or the ways in which they are related to one another.因為該句的謂語帶有否定含詞no，所以用or而不是and來把第３個并列成分和前２個連起來。

譯文

那位中世紀的學者幾乎沒有嘗試著去調查植物的解剖結構，生長機制，以及它們相互之間是如何聯(lián)系在一起的。

2. While some students are able to supplement their funds with money from part-time or vacation work, such work is not always regular even when available, and this can contribute to anxiety and study problems.

分析

先將while 所引導的從句部分略讀，閱讀主句時，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它是由2個并列句組成，即（1）

such work is not always regular even when available，（2）and this can contribute to anxiety and study problems.

譯文

盡管一些學生能用兼職或者假期打I掙的錢老資助自己上學，但是 這樣的I作即使能找到，也不能保證定期都有，這樣就可能會給學生帶來焦慮和學習上的問題。

3. Already, waste paper constitutes 70%of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing.

分析

表面上看，該句中的第1個and 很容易被誤以為是連接constitutes 和advances 這兩個并列成分， 仔細看

時，會發(fā)現(xiàn)那樣的話，就有2個不妥之處：首先，如果constitutes 和advances真是并列平行關系，在該句中的waste paper 的謂語，那么waste paper advances 的說法在邏輯上不太恰當；其次，如果advances是前一句的謂語動詞，那么其后的一系列謂語動詞，如have allowed，就找不著相應的搭配關系了。所以該句中的第1個land不是連接constitutes和advances這兩個詞。

這時，我們在這個and處畫個記號，然后把constitutes和advances這2個詞段開，constitutes往前一句里放，advances則往后面的內容里放。此時，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)原來這個長句是由and連接起來的2個并列句，即：（1）Already, waste paper constitutes 70%of paper used for packaging（2）and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing.

譯文

廢紙已經(jīng)構成了70％的包裝用紙；紙張去墨技術的進步已使得新聞I出版和書寫用紙的循環(huán)利用的合量更高。

分詞短語

Participle phrases &nominatives absolute

例1.When he was playing basketball, tom saw a stranger who entered the classroom.

如上文所述，前一個分句的主語he和后一個主語tom指同一個人，并且前一個分句的主語he 之后是系動詞was, 那么，前一個分句的主語和緊隨其后的那個系動詞was都可以一起省略掉，也就是說，此句可以省略成一個帶有現(xiàn)在分詞短語的單句，即：playing basketball, tom saw a stranger who entered the classroom.

例3：Located on the south-east coast of Australia in the temperate zone, it enjoys a mild climate, averaging 14.5 hours of sunshine per day in summer and 10.25 hours in winter.

實際上，此句的完整說法應該是：（it is ）located on the south-east coast of Australia in the temperate zone, (and) it enjoyed a mild climate, (which averages)  14.5 hours of sunshine per day in summer and 10.25 hours in winter.因為（it is）located on the south-east coast of Australia in the temperate zone, (and) it enjoyed a mild climate, 之間的主語相同，都是it，并且前一個分句的主語it 之后是系動詞is,那么，前一個分句的主語和緊隨其后的那個系動詞is 都可以省略掉， 也就是說，此句可以省略成一個帶有過去分詞短語的單句，表示兩者是被動關系，即：Located on the south-east coast of Australia in the temperate zone, it enjoyed a mild climate.

練習題：

1. First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial, business, and manufacturing centers.

分析

實際上，此句的完整說法應該是：（it was）first established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial, business, and manufacturing centers.

因為（it was）first established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, 和（and）it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial, business, and manufacturing centers. 之間的主語是相同的，都是it, 并且前一個分句的主語it 之后是系動詞was， 那么，前一個分句的主語it 和緊隨其后的那個系動詞was 都可以省略掉，也就是說，此句可以省略成一個帶有過去分詞短語的單句，表示兩者是被動關系。

譯文

最早在1788年，英國人將它建成為罪犯流放地；它現(xiàn)在已然成了一個國際化大都會，是全國主要的I業(yè)，商業(yè)和制作業(yè)中心之一。

2. The temperature of the exhaust gases is well above 500C, meaning that solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation as, in addition to supplying electricity, the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water supplies or warn buildings.

分析

實際上，整個句子的主句（即：The temperature of the exhaust gases is well above 500C）并不復雜，真正讓句子變得棘手的是由meaning 所引出來的一個非常長的現(xiàn)在分詞短語，即：meaning that solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation as, in addition to supplying electricity, the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water supplies or warn buildings.在該縣在分詞短語中，有2個句子，其中第二個句子是由as （因為….）來引導的弱因果關系句，即：（1）solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation，（2）as, in addition to supplying electricity, the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water supplies or warn buildings.

并且，在這個由as引導的弱因果關系句里面，有用逗號斷開的插入語in addition to supplying electricity; 理解此句時，應該先跳過該插入語，直接先將由as引導的弱因果關系句理解清楚，然后再來看插入語的內容。

譯文

那些廢氣的溫度遠遠高于500攝氏度， 這就意味著；對于發(fā)電和供熱來說，固體氧化燃料電池是很不錯的，因為除了供電外，在該過程中所產(chǎn)生的剩余熱量可以用于I業(yè)供熱，供應熱水，或者給建筑物供暖。

插入語

Parenthetical sentences

在雅思考試中，因為很多句子都帶有插入語結構，所以整個句子看起來冗長而復雜，往往使得很多考生讀著讀著就對主句的內容失去了線索，因而不知所云，產(chǎn)生了理解上的障礙。其實，考生只要掌握插入語結構的特征，并有針對性地做些相應的練習，即可輕松突破因插入語結構所帶來的閱讀障礙。

插入語的標志

（1）插入語結構前后用逗號段開，如：the book, I think, does not provide information about the population in that area.其中，插入語結構I think 便是這種特點。

（2）插入語結構前后用破折號段開，如：the paper said the volcano destroyed most---if not all---of the buildings and constructions on the island。其中，插入語if not all 就屬于此類結構。