GRE寫(xiě)作Argument開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾段寫(xiě)作技巧
1.結(jié)合具體題目，對(duì)作者結(jié)論和論據(jù)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要重述;
2.結(jié)合具體題目下方的指令 (instructions)，對(duì)你下文將要寫(xiě)的點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概述。
「結(jié)尾段」通常寫(xiě) 1~2 句話即可，具體內(nèi)容包括：
1.結(jié)合具體題目，對(duì)你上文所寫(xiě)的點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié);
2.結(jié)合題目，適當(dāng)提出解決辦法 / 建議。
接下來(lái)以 GRE Argument 題庫(kù)中第 81 題(關(guān)于吞拿魚(yú)罐頭致頭暈)為例，具體講解一下開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法：
The following appeared in a business magazine.
"As a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of Promofoods tuna, the company requested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk. This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods; the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.
作者的結(jié)論是：
canned tuna did not pose a health risk
作者的論據(jù)就是文中提到的對(duì)召回的金槍魚(yú)罐頭的檢測(cè)情況：
1.This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods.
2.The chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans.
3.The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods."
開(kāi)頭段
那么開(kāi)頭段就可以先簡(jiǎn)要重述一下作者的結(jié)論和論據(jù)：
Based on the results of chemical analysis of the sample, Promofoods drawn the conclusion that the canned tuna was not responsible for their consumers' dizziness and nausea.
接下來(lái)就需要根據(jù)根據(jù)題目下方的具體指令概括一下你下文將要寫(xiě)的點(diǎn)。我們課上講過(guò)根據(jù)題目指令可以將 Argument 分成四種類型：evidence, question, assumption, explanation。那么接下來(lái)我們?nèi)匀挥眠@道題來(lái)講解四種不同類型的開(kāi)頭段應(yīng)該怎么去寫(xiě)。
Question 類型
這道題本身是 question 類型的題目，那開(kāi)頭段接下來(lái)就可以這么寫(xiě)：
In order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to ask a number of questions about XXX, XXX, and XXX. (XXX 為你下文三個(gè)主體段要分析的 questions，比如這道題就可以寫(xiě)：檢測(cè)方法是什么、檢測(cè)人是否客觀、是否存在其他引起頭暈惡心的原因……)
Evidence 類型
如果這道題是 evidence 類型的題目，就可以寫(xiě)：
To evaluate the argument, more evidence about XXX, XXX, and XXX(下文三個(gè)主體段要寫(xiě)的具體 evidence)is needed.
Assumption 類型
如果這道題是 assumption 類型的題目，就可以寫(xiě)：
A number of assumptions have been made about XXX, XXX, and XXX.(下文三個(gè)主體段要寫(xiě)的具體 assumptions)We need to examine these assumptions carefully to decide if the argument is reasonable.
Explanation 類型
如果這道題是 explanation 類型的題目，就可以寫(xiě)：
While XXXX(作者的解釋), there are a number of alternative explanations we need to take into account when evaluating the argument.
結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段首先對(duì)你上文寫(xiě)的點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)，也可以加上解決辦法 / 建議：
Question 類型
In conclusion, more questions anout XXX, XXX, and XXX are needed to evaluate the soundness of the argument. More in-depth analyses are necessary to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.
Evidence 類型
In conclusion, we need more evidence anout XXX, XXX, and XXX to see whether canned tuna from Promofoods did pose a health risk or not.
Assumption 類型
In conclusion, the above-mentioned assumptions made by the author can be unwarranted. More information needs to be gathered to examine these assumptions in order to reach a more accurate and reliable conclusion.
Explanation 類型
In conclusion, we need more information about XXXX to decide which explanations were the most appropriate for the observed facts.
開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段包含的基本內(nèi)容就是這些，具體的寫(xiě)法(包括句型、用詞等)大家可以根據(jù)自己的習(xí)慣調(diào)整，形成自己的模板。
