(四)寫作糾錯(cuò)練習(xí)答案解析
I.語法錯(cuò)誤
(I)句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤
1.一主兩謂
1)改法一:There are more and more people liking to shop online.
改法二:More and more people like to shop online.
改法三:There are more and more people who like to shop online.
2)改法一:Many problems still should be noted and resolved.
改法二:There are still many problems that should be noted and resolved.
解析:一個(gè)簡單句只能有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。其中可以有兩個(gè)或以上的并列謂語,但不可以在主語前后各有一個(gè)謂語。
2.句子成分缺失
1)改法一:If we work hard,we will surely be successful.
改法二:Working hard,we will surely be successful.
解析:英語句子必須有主語和謂語
2)改法一:What generated so great a change?
改法二:Why did there so great a change occur?
解析:英語的generate是及物動(dòng)詞,表示“使產(chǎn)生”、“造成”等意,原句中的so great a change 是作generated 的賓語,Why是疑問副詞作狀語,這樣就造成了句子沒有主語的情況,嚴(yán)重違反英語的語法規(guī)則。
3.語序錯(cuò)誤
1)Why do college students spend more and more time on the computer?
解析:特殊疑問句通常用倒裝語序:“特殊疑問詞 + 助動(dòng)詞+主語和其他部分”,除非特殊疑問詞在句中作主語或修飾主語。
2)I often wonder where they have got their money.
解析:間接引語或從句用陳述語序。
4.簡單句疊置
改法一:I like swimming very much,so/and I go to swim almost every week.
改法二:Because I like swimming very much,I go to swim almost every week.
改法三:I like swimming very much.I go to swim almost every week.
解析:兩個(gè)簡單句不可以僅僅用逗號(hào)連接;如為并列關(guān)系,須用并列連詞,如and,or,but,so,for,while等;如為主從關(guān)系,須在從句之前加從屬連詞,如since,because,if等;否則,兩句要用句號(hào)、分號(hào)、問號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)隔開。
5.從句疊置
改法一:As is known to all,computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
改法二:It is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
解析:一個(gè)大句子里面的兩個(gè)小句只可能是并列的分句,或主句和從句,不可能都是從句,因此不得同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連詞。
6.主從句分離
Some people support euthanasia,because it helps the terminally ill die with dignity.
解析:Because一詞只有在引導(dǎo)由Why引起的疑問句時(shí)才能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)簡單句,否則就只能做從屬連詞連接主句和從句,而英語從句與主句不可分離。
(II)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤
改法一:A wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.
改法二:Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them.
解析:單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞通常不單獨(dú)使用,要加上限定詞,如冠詞、代詞,或用復(fù)數(shù)形式。在某些固定詞組中例外,如go to church,go to college,put sb.into prison。
(III)動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤
1.謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
1)Many people think that the Internet will be more useful in the future.
解析:寫作中多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),尤其在發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)時(shí)。用一般過去時(shí)通常明確指過去發(fā)生的事情,一般有過去的時(shí)間詞,如描述圖表中具體年份的數(shù)據(jù)。
2)Other people disagree with this view.
解析:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語形式為動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
2.謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤
改法一:A wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.
改法二:Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them.
解析:在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中,如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù),謂語要用單數(shù)形式。
3.謂語動(dòng)詞連用錯(cuò)誤
改法一:They throw their rubbish away carelessly,seriously polluting the environment.
改法二:They throw their rubbish away carelessly and seriously pollute the environment.
改法三:They throw their rubbish away carelessly,which seriously pollutes the environment.
解析:兩個(gè)及以上謂語動(dòng)詞不可簡單并列或僅用逗號(hào)連接,應(yīng)該加上連接詞,或者將其中一部分變?yōu)榉侵^語形式或另一個(gè)句子。
4.謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
1)I have been excited for several days at the news that you will come here.
2)Most of the students are satisfied with the service in the dining hall.
解析:英語中很多詞表示“使某人……”,在應(yīng)用中往往用被動(dòng)形式,表示“(人)感到……”,尤其是表示心理狀態(tài)的詞,如excite,satisfy,annoy,surprise,frighten,worry,concern等,還有addict,accustom,confront等。
5.非謂語動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤
1)Let me take my own experience as an example.
解析:使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have后接賓語再加不定式作補(bǔ)語時(shí),不定式不帶to。
2)Doing exercise in the morning is good for one's health.
解析:動(dòng)詞原形不可以作主語,須改為非謂語形式,即動(dòng)名詞或不定式。不定式往往表示特定的或尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)名詞表示一般的、經(jīng)常存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
3)改法一:Having studied in this college for 3 years,I find the campus has changed a lot.
改法二:I have studied in this college for 3 years,during which the campus has changed a lot.
解析:分詞作狀語,其邏輯主語要與句子主語一致。
(IV)代詞錯(cuò)誤
1)We can do everything we like on computer.
2)A college student should be able to do his washing on his own.
解析:同一句中,代詞與所替代的名詞以及代詞與代詞之間在人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)兩方面都要一致。
3)Some people are afraid that computers may control men in the future.
解析:someone表示“某個(gè)人”,而不是“某些人”。
4)Other people think differently.
解析:another表示“另一個(gè)”,而不是“另一些”。
(V)冠詞錯(cuò)誤
1)First of all,setting off firecrackers leads to severe pollution.
解析:通常來說,對于不可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞而言,只有在特指某個(gè)范圍的人或事物時(shí)才加the,否則就不用。
2)The horse is a useful animal.
解析:單詞開頭的字母u發(fā)【ju?】音時(shí),前面的冠詞不用an,發(fā)【?】音時(shí)才用,如an umbrella。
II.表達(dá)習(xí)慣錯(cuò)誤
1)改法一:Now 2,000 Yuan is enough to buy a nice computer.
改法二:Now you can buy a nice computer with 2,000 Yuan.
解析:原句意為“現(xiàn)在兩千塊錢就可以買一臺(tái)很好的電腦”,其實(shí)是漢語的無主句,“買”的真正主語是“人們”或“你”,在漢語中被省略了;而“兩千塊錢”其實(shí)是指“(用)兩千塊錢”,是作方式狀語的。英語句子比較講究邏輯和語法,不能用“(用)兩千塊錢”作主語,又不能沒有主語,所以改動(dòng)如上。
2)改法一:A room usually accommodates 6~8 students.
改法二:Usually 6~8 students live in one room.
解析:原句意為“一個(gè)房間通常住六到八個(gè)學(xué)生”,是一種有漢語特色的省略或倒裝說法,其真正含義是“一個(gè)房間通常能容納六到八個(gè)學(xué)生”,或“通常六到八個(gè)學(xué)生住一個(gè)房間”。“容納(accommodate)”的主語可以是a room;但“住(live)”這一行為的發(fā)出者是“students”,所以要按英語習(xí)慣改動(dòng)如上。
3)I think there are three reasons for this great change.
解析:have表示“有”,是體現(xiàn)“所有關(guān)系”的,如 I have a car;the car has four wheels.“車”是屬于“我”的,“輪子”是屬于“車”的。 但reasons并不屬于change,因?yàn)閏hange既不是reasons的所有者,也不是作為一個(gè)整體包含reasons。所以改為表示“存現(xiàn)關(guān)系”的there be結(jié)構(gòu)。
4)改法一:The prices of the food are too high.
改法二:The food is too expensive.
解析:漢語經(jīng)常說“某物價(jià)格太貴/便宜”,是因?yàn)闈h語是意合語言,經(jīng)常用重復(fù)的手段來確保表意清楚,其實(shí)價(jià)格不過是個(gè)數(shù)字,只有高低,沒有貴賤。同樣的道理,不能說Shanghai has many population.而應(yīng)說Shanghai has a large population.因?yàn)閜opulation(人口)只是個(gè)數(shù)字,不能再用“多”、“少”來修飾,應(yīng)用“大”或“小”。
5)改法一:The reason for this phenomenon is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
改法二:This phenomenon exists because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
解析:漢語是意合語言,經(jīng)常用重復(fù)的手段來確保表意清楚,尤其是現(xiàn)代漢語,經(jīng)常說“雖然……但是……”、“因?yàn)椤浴?但是在英語里面用這些結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中的一個(gè)詞就夠了。如果上述說法在漢語里還是可以接受的,那么該題原句對應(yīng)的中文“這件事情的原因是因?yàn)椤痹跐h語里都是不通或者冗贅的。
III.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)以及大小寫錯(cuò)誤
1)My favorite sports are swimming,jogging,mountaineering and playing table tennis.
解析:原句屬于“標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤”。英語中沒有頓號(hào),表示三者或三者以上的并列關(guān)系時(shí)前幾者之間用逗號(hào)。
2)The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.
解析:原句屬于“標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤”。英語中沒有書名號(hào)。要表示作品名稱通常用大寫實(shí)詞首字母并加斜體的方式表示。
3)Nowadays,there are many parents who send their children to art classes.
解析:英文中字母大寫的情況主要有以下兩種。
1.題目中第一個(gè)字母和實(shí)詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、數(shù)詞)首字母大寫。例:A Day in 2009,Keeping Pets,Should Students Be Allowed to Live Off Campus?
2.文章中句首字母(即每個(gè)句號(hào)、問號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)之后第一個(gè)字母)和專有名詞(人名、地名、時(shí)間名、報(bào)刊雜志名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)名等)的實(shí)詞首字母大寫。例:
1)人名:Li Ming,Li Xiaoming,Zhuge Liang(與人名連用的表示稱呼、稱號(hào)或職務(wù)的名詞首字母也要大寫,如Mr.Smith,Dr.Brown)
2)地名:Asia,China,Beijing,Shandong(由國家名演變來表示“某國的”,“某國人”或“某國語”的詞首字母也要大寫,如Chinese,Japanese;構(gòu)成地名或與地名連用的普通詞首字母也要大寫,如the Great Wall,Tian'anmen Square)
3)時(shí)間名:May,Sunday,Christmas,New Year's Eve,the Mid?autumn Festival
4)報(bào)刊雜志名:Time,the Economist,the Washington Post,China Daily
5)組織機(jī)構(gòu)名:the United Nations,the People's Republic of China,the Communist Party
