美國政要第8課
DOD & RMA
Interview with Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Dr. James N. Miller, jr. (May 14, 1998) 訪美國國防部助理國防部長幫辦小詹姆斯•米勒博士
MR. CHEN BOJIANG: I feel greatly honored to have the opportunity to interview you today. This opportunity not only gives me the chance to gain your insights, but also gives me the encouragement to try my best in promoting Sino-U.S. military exchanges.
After the Gulf War1, the United States has been pursuing a more focused attempt to nurture the revolution in military affairs. How do you view the revolution in military affairs? How will DOD2 continue to promote the development of the revolution in military affairs?
DR. JAMES N. MILLER: There are multiple views, internationally and domestically, about whether there is a revolution or an evolution in military affairs. I think that it is fairly clear that the accumulation of technological improvements and new operational concepts and organizational change, which are the three components that we see in a revolution in military affairs, are proceeding fairly rapidly. I attempt to avoid the argument of whether it is a revolution or an evolution, but the changes over time have been both dramatic and important. The facilitator of this revolution in military affairs is technology, and particularly information technology. And a first glimpse was evident in both the command and control and the precision guided weapons that were used in the Gulf War. The war was clearly a big impetus to further thinking in the U.S. about the RMA.
The roots of thinking about the RMA obviously precede the Gulf War, with much of the early and best thinking in the U.S. done by Andy Marshall, Director of Net Assessment3, one of the first to analyze the military technical revolution, as the Soviets had called it, or the revolution of military affairs as we’ve called it in the United States for a number of years. But it’s clear that not just the United States, but those who would exploit information technology and other technologies, are moving towards the possibility of more rapid, more efficient operations.
And now to the steps that DOD has taken to promote the development of the RMA. First organizationally, the Secretary has identified it as a high priority, as have the previous Chairman and the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The vision document that is serving as a template4 for that, as you know, is Joint Vision 20105. there are aspects of the Revolution in Military Affairs that go well beyond 2010, certainly, but that’s a key template for the department’s efforts right now. Each of the services6, as you know, in addition to continuing to purchase new technologies and new equipment, has its own analysis and experimentation effort. The Marines call it the Hunter Warrior Series7, and they are currently in the Urban Warfare phase of it. The Army has Force 21, The Army After Next games as well, and the Air Force has its war games and is now developing an experimentation plan that will start in a few months. Similarly for the Navy, with efforts addressing both near-term and long-term time frames. Those service efforts are very strong and it is very important that they continue. The services have begun to work closely together. For example, the Army and Marine Corps have partnered together in word on urban operations, or MOUT-Military operations in Urban Terrain-and the Navy and the Marine Corps for example, have partnered on the Marine Corps’ operational maneuver from the sea. I expect the services to work together increasingly over time to develop and explore innovative approaches to key national security and military challenges. Now, one of the more recent developments is to set up - or to take the first steps to set up-an effort at joint concept development and joint experimentation.
Within the next several weeks, in fact, the Secretary is likely to designate the United States Atlantic Command (ACOM) as joint concept developer and experimenter. That is likely in the next couple of weeks, and it’s something that’s been discussed at the highest levels. The department is moving very rapidly. Only a couple of weeks ago, the Defense Resources Board8 met and discussed whether ACOM should be designated as joint experimenter, what its specific responsibilities would be and how they would relate to service activities, how it would affect future requirements, future acquisitions, future concepts of operations and doctrine and so on. The group made a recommendation that we proceed, and the Secretary is likely to act formally on that recommendation very soon.
As you know, the department has also a very robust science and technology effort. A number of years ago, a process of Advanced Concept Technology Developments (ACTDs) and Advanced Technology Developments (ATDs) were put in place. The ACTDs in particular can be seen as many concept development experiments in many cases, focusing on the relatively near term, three or four-year challenges. I think we have, with the service efforts and the emerging joint efforts, complemented by Andy Marshall and his extensive word in examining the long-term transformation, the basis for systematic and systemic changes in the U.S. military in the coming years.
MR. CHEN: How is the American future development of national defense related with the revolution in military affairs? How do you think the revolution in military affairs influences the development of national defense?
DR. MILLER: The way that we visualize9 the process working is that there are three broad steps to implementing the Revolution in military Affairs. (I’m not talking in this case about working closely with allies and having discussions with other nations as well, which is an important part, but will focus for now on the internal aspects.) First is the concepts and technology development: new operational concepts, new organizational concepts, and how they can exploit new technologies. This effort includes studies, analyses, and war games10 -as well as technology word. There is then the actual experimentation effort, which may be command post exercises or war games, or may involve forces in the field, or may rely almost exclusively on simulation and modeling.
And the third part is then, after concept and technology development, after the experimentation is to undertake changes in force structure, doctrine and so on.
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS 詞匯提示
1.the Gulf War 海灣戰(zhàn)爭
2.DOD (Department of Defense)（美）國防部
3.director of Net Assessment （美國防部）基本評估辦公室主任
4.template [] n.模式，藍(lán)本
5.Joint Vision 2010《2010年聯(lián)合構(gòu)想》
6.service [] n.軍種
7.the Hunter Warrior Series“狩獵武士系列”
8.the Defense Resources Board 國防資源委員會(huì)
9.visualize [] v. 想像，設(shè)想
10.war game 作戰(zhàn)模擬
QUESTIONS AFTER LISTENING KR 聽后答題:
1. Which three components are there in the RMA?
A.The economical integration, new security concepts and new operational concepts.
B.The new security concepts, technological improvements and operational concepts.
C.Technological improvements, new operational concepts and organizational change.
D.New educational concepts, technological improvements and organizational change.
2. Which war was a big impetus to further thinking in the U.S. about the RMA?
A.The Korea War. B.The Gulf War.
C.The Vietnam War. D.The War in Haiti.
3. What was the template for the RMA?
A.The Hunter Warrior Series.
B.The Army After Next.
C.Military Operations in Urban Terrain.
D.Joint Vision 2010.
4. What is one of the more recent development in the RMA?
A.To set up a facility for urban operations training.
B.To set up an effort at joint concept development and joint experimentation.
C.To reorganize the command system.
D.To purchase new technologies and equipment.
5. Which command was likely to be designated as joint concept developer and experimenter?
A.The U.S. Atlantic Command.
B.The U.S. South Command.
C.The U.S. Pacific Command.
D.The U.S. Center Command.
6. What did the ACTDs(Advanced Concept Technology Developments) focus on?
A.It focused on the future acquisitions.
B.It focused on the training of urban operations.
C.It focused on the relatively near term, three or four year challenges.
D.It focused on the new technology development.
7. How many broad steps are there to implement the RMA?
A.Four. B.Six. C.Three. D.Five.
8. What is the first step to implement the RMA?
A.The change of war games.
B.The concepts and technology development.
C.The change of training concepts.
D.The change of old organizational system.
9. What is the second step to implement the RMA?
A.The actual experimentation effort.
B.The setting up of new organizational system.
C.The new technologies exploitation.
D.The development of the new military doctrine.
10. What is the third step to implement the RMA?
A.To build up new training centers.
B.To purchase new equipments.
C.To establish a new research center on RMA.
D.To undertake changes in force structure, doctrine and so on.
【參考譯文】
美國國防部與軍事革命
陳伯江：今天有機(jī)會(huì)采訪您，我感到非常榮幸。這一機(jī)會(huì)不僅使我能直接聽取您的意見，而且也將幫助我為促進(jìn)中美軍事交流盡一份力量。
海灣戰(zhàn)爭之后，美國一直在著力培育一場軍事革命，您怎樣看待軍事革命？國防部將如何繼續(xù)推動(dòng)軍事革命的發(fā)展？
米勒：對于究竟是否有一場軍事上的革命或“進(jìn)化”，國際上和美國國內(nèi)都有各種不同觀點(diǎn)。我認(rèn)為我們在一場軍事革命中可以看到的三個(gè)方面，正在以很快的速度發(fā)展，這一點(diǎn)是相當(dāng)清楚的，這三個(gè)方面即技術(shù)進(jìn)步的累積、新的作戰(zhàn)概念以及編制上的變化。我想避開這究竟是一場革命還是一種“進(jìn)化”的爭論，但要承認(rèn)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的種種變化既非常之顯著，又很重要。這場軍事革命的“推進(jìn)器”是技術(shù)，特別是信息技術(shù)。而且首先顯現(xiàn)出革命性變化的是指揮與控制和精確制導(dǎo)武器這兩個(gè)方面，在海灣戰(zhàn)爭中已經(jīng)看到了這一點(diǎn)。很明顯，這場戰(zhàn)爭對美國進(jìn)一步思考軍事革命是一個(gè)很大的推動(dòng)因素。
有關(guān)軍事革命的思考顯然在海灣戰(zhàn)爭之前就開始了。美國較早關(guān)注并對這一問題作了深入思考的是國防部基本評估辦公室主任安德魯•馬歇爾，他是最早對蘇聯(lián)人所說的軍事技術(shù)革命也就是近幾年來被美國人稱作軍事革命進(jìn)行分析的人之一。然而很清楚，不只是美國，所有想要充分利用信息技術(shù)和其它技術(shù)的國家，都正在尋求更快、更有效地實(shí)施作戰(zhàn)的可能性。
現(xiàn)在我來談?wù)劽绹鴩啦繛橥苿?dòng)軍事革命的發(fā)展所采取的步驟。首先從組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)上來說，國防部長科恩像參聯(lián)會(huì)的前主席和現(xiàn)主席一樣，一直把軍事革命看作需要最優(yōu)先考慮的問題。正如你所了解的。正在用作軍事革命的“藍(lán)本”的構(gòu)想文件是《2010年聯(lián)合構(gòu)想》。該文件所說的軍事革命的許多方面，確實(shí)已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了2010年，但這個(gè)文件是國防部目前種種努力的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵“藍(lán)本”。
正如你所了解的，各個(gè)軍種除了繼續(xù)購買新技術(shù)和新裝備外，還有自己的分析和試驗(yàn)計(jì)劃。海陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)稱之為“狩獵武士系列”研究，目前這一研究進(jìn)入到城市作戰(zhàn)階段。陸軍進(jìn)行“21世紀(jì)陸軍”以及“后天的陸軍”的模擬試驗(yàn)與研究?？哲娪懈鞣N他們自己的作戰(zhàn)模擬研究項(xiàng)目，目前正在制定試驗(yàn)計(jì)劃，將在幾個(gè)月后開始實(shí)施。海軍也是如此，正著眼于近期和遠(yuǎn)期兩個(gè)時(shí)間段進(jìn)行研究。
軍種在研究軍事革命方面下了很大的功夫，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這些研究非常重要。各軍種已開始密切協(xié)作。例如，陸軍與海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)已在共同研究城市作戰(zhàn)問題，或叫做“城區(qū)地形中的軍事行動(dòng)”；再比如，海軍和海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)已在共同研究“海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)由海向陸作戰(zhàn)機(jī)動(dòng)”問題。我認(rèn)為各軍種在今后會(huì)進(jìn)行更多的共同研究，研究和探索解決重大國家安全和軍事問題的創(chuàng)新方法。現(xiàn)在，最新的發(fā)展之一，是著手進(jìn)行（或者說采取第一批步驟著手進(jìn)行）聯(lián)合概念發(fā)展和聯(lián)合試驗(yàn)。
事實(shí)上，在今后幾個(gè)星期之內(nèi)，國防部長可能將指定美國大西洋總部作為主管聯(lián)合概念發(fā)展和試驗(yàn)的單位。這可能就是今后幾個(gè)星期的事，并且它已通過最高層的討論。國防部將很快辦理這件事。僅一、二星期之前，國防資源委員會(huì)開會(huì)討論了大西洋總部是否應(yīng)當(dāng)被指定為負(fù)責(zé)聯(lián)合試驗(yàn)的單位、其具體職責(zé)是什么、這些職責(zé)怎樣與各軍種的活動(dòng)相關(guān)聯(lián)、這將會(huì)對未來的需求、采購、作戰(zhàn)概念和軍事理論帶來什么影響等問題。該委員會(huì)建議我們按原定計(jì)劃實(shí)施，國防部長可能很快會(huì)采納這一建議。
正如你們所了解的，國防部還有一個(gè)非常有活力的科學(xué)與技術(shù)發(fā)展計(jì)劃。幾年前，我們開始實(shí)施“先進(jìn)概念技術(shù)發(fā)展”和“先進(jìn)技術(shù)發(fā)展”計(jì)劃。“先進(jìn)概念技術(shù)發(fā)展”計(jì)劃在許多情況下可被看作許多概念的發(fā)展試驗(yàn)，其重點(diǎn)放在相對短期，如3或4年內(nèi)的挑戰(zhàn)上。通過各軍種的努力以及他在評估長期轉(zhuǎn)變方面所做的大量工作，我認(rèn)為我們已經(jīng)具備了今后幾年在美軍中進(jìn)行有條不紊的系統(tǒng)變革的基礎(chǔ)。
陳：美國的未來發(fā)展怎樣與軍事革命相聯(lián)系？您認(rèn)為軍事革命對美國的國防發(fā)展有什么影響
米勒：我們設(shè)想軍事革命的實(shí)行有三個(gè)主要的步驟（我將不談與盟國密切合作的情況，也不談與其他國家的討論，盡管這也是重要的組成部分。我重點(diǎn)談美國國內(nèi)的情況。）首先是各種概念和技術(shù)的發(fā)展：新的作戰(zhàn)概念；新的編制概念；以及它們?nèi)绾芜\(yùn)用新技術(shù)。這一步驟包括各種研究、分析和作戰(zhàn)模擬、以及技術(shù)工作。接下來的第二步是實(shí)際的試驗(yàn)，可能是指揮所演習(xí)或作戰(zhàn)模擬；也可能包括野戰(zhàn)演習(xí)；也可能主要依靠模擬和模型等。
第一步是提出概念和發(fā)展技術(shù)，第二步是進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，然后是第三步。即切實(shí)改變部隊(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)、作戰(zhàn)理論等等。
KEYS TO THE QUESTIONS 參考答案：
1.c 2.b 3.d 4.b 5.a 6.c 7.c 8.b 9.a 10.d
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