瘋狂英語口語絕招-語音突破經(jīng)典第8課
Savvy 7第七招
Contractions 縮略
Contractions can be composed of pronouns and auxiliary verbs, nouns and auxiliary verbs, two auxiliary verbs or auxiliary verbs and not. The most common contractions are pronouns with auxiliary verbs.
縮略可由代詞和助動詞、名詞和助動詞、兩個助動詞或助動詞和not字組成。最常見的縮略詞是代詞和助動詞的組合。
1. Affirmative Contraction
肯定式縮略詞
I am becomes I'm. --> I'm from San Diego.
he is becomes he's. --> He's gonna do it.
she is becomes she's. --> She's happy.
it is becomes it's. --> It's a dog.
you are becomes you're. --> You're our friends.
we are becomes we're. --> We're gonna do it.
they are becomes they're. --> They're lawyers.
I will becomes I'll. --> I'll do it.
he will becomes he'll. --> He'll be going now.
Tom'll take it.
She'll help you.
It'll do it.
You'll give me a call.
We'll be going now.
They'll take it.
have/has I've got it.
He's gone.
She's been here before.
It's gone.
You've got it.
We've been here before.
They've gone.
had or would I'd go if I could.
Do you think he'd win?
Do you think she'd win?
When you'd finished, you left.
We'd go if we could.
Do you think they'd win?
How'm I doing?
How's it going?
How'd you know?
Where's he been?
Where're you taking me?
When're we getting them?
When'd you find out?
Who's gonna know?
Who'll take us?
Who'd done it?
What's his name?
What're they saying?
What'd we do?
What've you been doing?
Why's he doing that?
Why'd you come?
2. Negative Contractions
否定式縮略詞
isn't It isn't mine.
Isn't that cute?
Why isn't your sister coming?
aren't They aren't here yet.
Aren't you hungry?
Why aren't you coming?
don't I don't want to go.
We don't have enough time.
Don't you like tomatoes?
doesn't It doesn't look good.
He doesn't think so.
She doesn't have time.
didn't I didn't have much fun.
We didn't do anything.
Didn't you do the dishes?
hasn't Why hasn't he called?
She hasn't been to New York.
Hasn't she sold her car?
haven't They haven't arrived yet.
Haven't they finished?
Why haven't they left?
hadn't He hadn't been to the fair before.
I hadn't studied for the test.
Hadn't you listened to that CD before?
3. Can and can't
Can和can’t
It can be very difficult to hear the difference between can and can't. This is not surprising since the Standard American dialect tends to drop the final t sound on most words. Usually the t on can't is also dropped. However, there are some rules to follow that will make it much easier for you to hear and pronounce these two important words.
要分辨can和can't是非常困難的。這也很正常，因為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美國口音大都會省略大部分單詞詞尾的t音。Can't里的t音也會被省略。不過，也有一些規(guī)律可以幫助你更容易地辨別這兩個詞之間的區(qū)別，并準(zhǔn)確地發(fā)音。
For can, the affirmative form, the vowel sound is reduced to []. The usual pronunciation is [] or [ken], not []. On the other hand, we heard the full form of the vowel on can't, the negative form. When this auxiliary comes at the end of a sentence, the affirmative form becomes []. It's common to hear the t on the negative form when the word comes at the end of the sentence.
在念肯定式can時，詞中的元音減弱到[]。這個單詞一般念[]或[ken]，而不是[]。另一方面，我們可以聽到否定式can't中完整的元音。如果這個助動詞出現(xiàn)在句尾的話，其肯定式發(fā)音是[]。如果這個助動詞以否定式出現(xiàn)在句尾的話，常?？梢月牭靡妕音。
I can do it. Yes, I can.
I can't do it. No, I can't.
Another helpful way to hear the difference is that in the affirmative form can is usually unstressed and reduced but the main verb or another word will most likely get a lot of stress. In the negative form, you're more likely to hear the stress on can't.
另一個有效的辨認(rèn)方法是can的肯定式常常不重讀，而很多重音則是放在同一個句子里的謂語動詞或另一個詞。而當(dāng)它以否定式出現(xiàn)時，你很可能會聽到重音放在can't。
Can we see each other again?
Can't we see each other again?
The children can swim.
The children can't swim.
I can speak Spanish.
I can't speak Spanish.
We can go this way.
We can't go this way.
4． H Reduction.
H略讀
Another type of reduction of little words occurs with pronouns and possessives that begin with h: his, her, hers, him or he, and with have, has or had. The Standard American dialect tends to drop the h on these words as long as they do not begin a sentence or need to be stressed.
短詞中元音略讀的另一個情況是那些以字母h開始的代詞和所有格：his、her、hers、him或he，還有have、has或had。如果這些詞不是處于句首或有需要重讀，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美國口音一般會省略這些詞的h音。
have Where have you been?
Why have you come here?
What have they done?
Who have you told?
haven't Why haven't we met you before?
Why haven't you finished?
has, he Where has he been?
How is he going?
his What's his name?
Where's his car?
hasn't,he Why hasn't he called me?
has, him Who's seen him?
I like him.
Do you like him?
hers That's hers.
I think hers is blue.
hasn't, her He hasn't seen her.
he's Do you think he's here?
I don't know when he's coming.
5. Rapid English Phrases.
快速英語詞組
There are a number of other elements that cannot really be categorized with either contractions or reductions, even though they involve contracting and reducing vowel sounds. They can best be described as rapid English. Here are a few hints on how to help make your English sound more Standard American.
在英語中，還有另外一些因素雖說與元音的縮讀或弱讀有關(guān)，但卻不能歸類為縮讀或弱讀。最恰當(dāng)?shù)恼f法是快速英語。這里有幾個方法可以使你講的英語更像標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語。
○1 First we'll see how some sounds change when followed by the sound y. When a word ending with an s sound is followed by a word that begins with y, the sound becomes s-h.
首先，我們來看一下跟在y音后的一些發(fā)音變化。如果一個詞的詞尾是s，而它后跟詞的詞首是y，那么發(fā)音為s-h。
this your --> []
Is this your pen?
I miss your friendship.
Did he kiss your sister?
Is this your friend?
○2 When a word ending with a z sound is followed by a word beginning with a y, the sound changes to z-h.
如果詞尾是z，而它后面的詞首是y的話，發(fā)音為z-h。
does you --> []
Does your dog do tricks?
Is your mother home?
Why is your car door open?
Does your sister have kids?
○3 When a word ends with a t and is followed by a word that begins with a y, the sound changes to c-h.
如果詞尾是t，而它后面的詞首是y的話，發(fā)音為c-h。
that you --> []
Is that your boss?
I don't know what you're gonna do.
Did I hit you?
Set your books down.
○4 When a word ends with d and is followed by a y, the sound changes to [].
如果詞尾是d，而它后跟的詞首是y的話，發(fā)音為[]。
would you --> [′]
Would you like a cup of coffee?
How would you like to go to a movie?
○5 Sometimes, the last sound in a word disappears. If a word ends with an s or a z and the next word begins with an s-h, the s or z is lost.
有的時候，單詞的最后一個音被完全省略。如果單詞的詞尾是s或z，而下一個單詞的詞首為s-h音時，s或a不發(fā)音。
horse shoe Let's play horse shoes.
his shirt His shirt is new.
this sugar This sugar is for you.
he sure He sure shall do it.
6. Further Reductions.
其它略讀
Many commonly used verb forms, especially those already contracted, are further reduced.
不少常用的動詞形式，特別是那些已經(jīng)縮略的動詞形式，會采用略讀。
has to --> []
She has to go now.
He has to study.
It has to be late.
have to --> [heft]
We have to study.
I have to get to work.
You have to turn off the lights.
had to --> []
I had to go home.
We had to see our friends.
You had to do it.
ought to --> [t]
You ought to see your mother.
We ought to buy some food.
got to --> []
I've got to go now.
We've got to do it.
You've got to understand.
want to --> []
I want to drive.
Do you want to go for a walk?
used to --> []
I used to drink too much coffee.
He used to smoke.
suppose to --> []
I'm supposed to call home.
We're supposed to think it over.
7. Modal contractions
情態(tài)動詞
Modals are words like should, could, would and may. They often get reduced in natural conversational English.
情態(tài)動詞should、could、would和may在口語中常常會略讀。
should have --> [′] or [′]
shouldn't have --> [′] or [′]
You should have told me.
You shouldn't have told me.
We should have eaten first.
We shouldn't have eaten first.
would have --> [′] or [′]
wouldn't have --> [′] or [′]
We would have gone.
We wouldn't have gone.
We would have asked you.
We wouldn't have asked you.
could have --> [′] or [′]
couldn't have --> [′] or [′]
You could have said something.
You couldn't have said something.
You could have only had one.
You couldn't have only had one.
must have --> [′] or [′]
must not have --> [′] or [′]
It must have been good.
It mustn't have been good.
You must have known.
You mustn't have known.
might have --> [′] or [′]
He might have done it.
He might have eaten first.
He might have tried it.
He might have asked about it.
It's very common to reduce the nagative don't to [].
don't通常會略讀成[]。
I don't want to go.
I don't think so.
We don't live here anymore.
You don't get anymore.
The expression don't know is often pronounced [′].
don't know通常會讀成[′]。
You don't know his name?
I don't know anything.
We don't know who you are.
didn't is often pronounced [dint].
didn't通常會略讀成[dint]。
didn't --> [dint]
I didn't say anything.
We didn't like it.
You didn't call me.
The trick for the above expressions is to keep the vowel sounds very short.
掌握以上表達方式的竅門是元音發(fā)得很短。
8. Colloquial English
英語口語
Most speakers of the Standard American dialect use colloquial English much of the time though they may seem nonstandard or too informal to you. Whether you choose to use them or not, it's entirely up to you. However, it's beneficial to know them and to learn to understand what they mean because you'll probably hear them all the time.
以下這些短語雖然看起來不是很規(guī)范，或者你覺得它們太隨意，但說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美語口語的大部分人都會常常用到口語短語。當(dāng)然，用或不用這些短語取決于你，不過因為你常常會聽到它們，知道這些口語并了解它們的意思是很有幫助的。
It's typical in informal conversations to drop the auxiliary verbs off of questions. You can also drop the pronouns as well.
在非正式的談話中，常用的方法是省略問句中的助動詞。代詞也可省略。
Are you going to the movies? --> You going to the movies?
or, Going to the movies?
Do you need anything else? You need 'nything else?
Would you like some coffee? Like some coffee?
Do you want to go for a walk? Wanna go for a walk?
Are you going to the store? Gonna go to the store?
○1 Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
口語中的弱讀和連讀
I've gotta go.
I have got to go.
I've gotta book.
I have got a book.
Wanna dance?
Do you want to dance?
Wanna banana?
Do you want a banana?
Lemme in.
Let me in.
Lemmego.
Let me go.
I'll letcha know.
I'll let you know.
Dija do it?
Did you do it?
Nä chet.
Not yet.
I'll meechu layder.
I'll meet you later.
Whaddyu think?
What do you think?
Whajoo do with it?
What did you do with it?
Howja like it?
How did you like it?
Whenju geddit?
When did you get it?
Whyju tay kit?
Why did you take it?
Why don chu try it?
Why don't you try it?
Whaddya waitin’s for?
What are you waiting for?
Whatcha doin'?
What are you doing?
Howzit going?
How is it going?
Where's the watchamacallit?
Where's the what you may call it.
Where's watsizname?
Where's what is his name?
那個誰在哪兒？（一時想不起名字）
How 'bout it?
How about it?
He's gotta hurry 'cuz he's late.
He has got to hurry because he is late.
I coulda bina cotender.
I could've been a contender.
Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez?
Could you speed it up, please?
Wouldjoo mindifai try dit?
Would you mind if I tried it?
Arnchoo Bäb Barker?
Aren't you Bob Barker?
Knchoo see it my way for a change?
Can't you see it my way for a change?
Don choo geddit?
Don't you get it?
I shoulda toljoo.
I should have told you.
Teller I misser.
Tell her (that) I miss her.
Tellim I missim.
Tell him (that) I miss him.
○2 Extreme Reductions
口語中極度略讀
Jeet? Did you eat?
No, joo? No, did you?
Whyncha getta job? Why don't you get a job?
I dunno, stoo hard. I don't know, it's too hard.
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