美國之音2007標準下半年AScientists Develop New Theory on How Toddlers

Scientists Develop New Theory on How Toddlers Learn to Speak

By Jessica Berman
Washington
03 August 2007

At around one year of age, most babies utter their first word. A short time later, a second word is spoken.

Bob McMurray is a professor of psychology at the University of Iowa.

"And it would be very tempting to say, 'Wow, look at the rate of acquisition has sped up,' right? 'It took them a year to learn mommy but only a month to learn daddy.' But in actuality that child was probably working on that word daddy all along. They really spend a year and a month to learning the word daddy," he explained.

McMurray says once toddlers begin speaking their first few words, it is only a matter of time before they seem to learn words at a faster rate. According to the psychologist, the first word spurt usually occurs around 18 months of age.

When the burst of language occurs, McMurray says, the conventional theory among psychologists is that toddlers are rapidly developing specialized learning tools, such as the ability to recognize that objects have names.

But according to a computer model McMurray created, toddlers have "word spurts" after they have gathered enough easy, similar sounding words - like mama, dada, dog and cat. Once they have mastered these words, by repeating them over and over again, they then tackle more difficult words. McMurray says the exposure to more difficult words is a key factor in the word spurt.

"The critical factor is actually how many words are hard and how many words are easy. So, as long as you have, and this is what we were able to prove mathematically, more difficult words than easy words, you're always going to get some kind of acceleration in word learning," he added.

McMurray believes his model demonstrates that the word spurt of toddlers is the result of their understanding of more complex words.

"Kids are keeping track of lots and lots of words at the same time," he explained. "They may not be using all of the words they've learned, but as they are hearing words, they are soaking [them] up. They are not waiting until they are done learning one word before moving on to the next."

The study on toddlers' word development is in the journal Science.