無(wú)人機(jī)如何成了恐怖分子的殺人武器？

With a wingspan of more than two metres, the X-8 commercial drone manufactured by China-based Skywalker Technologies is a favourite among hobbyists and aerial photography enthusiasts.

中國(guó)武漢思凱沃克科技有限公司(Skywalker Technologies)生產(chǎn)的、機(jī)翼翼展超過(guò)兩米的天行者X-8商用無(wú)人機(jī)，是業(yè)余愛(ài)好者和航空攝影發(fā)燒友的最?lèi)?ài)。

But the aircraft, which can be bought for just a few hundred dollars, is also perfect for military reconnaissance, artillery spotting and even aerial bombing, as soldiers fighting against Isis in Iraq and Syria have discovered.

但是，這款幾百美元就可買(mǎi)到的無(wú)人機(jī)也是軍事偵察、彈著觀測(cè)、甚至空中轟炸的完美設(shè)備，在伊拉克和敘利亞打擊伊斯蘭國(guó)(ISIS)的士兵已經(jīng)在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)了這款無(wú)人機(jī)。

The first X-8 in a conflict zone was spotted in 2015 by Kurdish forces near the Mosul Dam in Iraq, while in October 2016 a bomb-laden X-8 killed two Kurdish soldiers and injured two French commandos in the same area, according to Sahan Research, a UK-based think-tank.

據(jù)英國(guó)智庫(kù)沙汗研究與發(fā)展組織(Sahan Research)提供的信息，2015年，庫(kù)爾德武裝在伊拉克摩蘇爾大壩(Mosul Dam)附近發(fā)現(xiàn)天行者X-8，這是首次在沖突地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)該款無(wú)人機(jī);2016年10月，一架載有炸彈的X-8在同一地區(qū)炸死了兩名庫(kù)爾德士兵，炸傷兩名法國(guó)突擊隊(duì)隊(duì)員。

China’s world-leading drone industry faces a burgeoning problem: its recreational aircraft, in addition to taking breathtaking clifftop selfies, are being used by terrorists to kill people.

全球領(lǐng)先的中國(guó)無(wú)人機(jī)行業(yè)遇上了一個(gè)新問(wèn)題：本來(lái)是用于休閑娛樂(lè)的無(wú)人機(jī)，除了被用于令人屏息的懸崖自拍外，還成為了恐怖分子殺人的工具。

As of the end of last year, 32 models from six countries had been identified in the Syria and Iraq conflict, according to research by the Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College in New York state.

紐約州巴德學(xué)院(Bard College)無(wú)人機(jī)研究中心的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，截至去年年底，在敘利亞和伊拉克沖突中，共發(fā)現(xiàn)了由6個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的32個(gè)型號(hào)的無(wú)人機(jī)。

While most are military drones such as the US Predator and its Chinese copy the Caihong CH-4, the conflict has seen the first widespread use of hobby drones as weapons — and almost all were Chinese brands.

雖然沖突中發(fā)現(xiàn)的無(wú)人機(jī)多數(shù)是軍用無(wú)人機(jī)，如美國(guó)的“捕食者”(Predator)無(wú)人機(jī)、及其中國(guó)仿造版“彩虹CH-4”無(wú)人機(jī)，但是，消遣用的無(wú)人機(jī)在此次沖突中首次被廣泛用作武器——而且此類(lèi)無(wú)人機(jī)幾乎全部是中國(guó)品牌。

Their introduction marks a “milestone in the widespread proliferation of aerial surveillance platforms among insurgent and terrorist groups”, the center said.

消遣型無(wú)人機(jī)的采用，成為了“叛亂分子和恐怖組織空中監(jiān)視平臺(tái)大規(guī)模擴(kuò)散的一個(gè)里程碑”，上述無(wú)人機(jī)研究中心說(shuō)。

Isis revealed its weaponised drone capabilities in a January video. Since then, says Steve Stalinsky of Memri, a Middle East media think-tank, “we have been seeing almost daily Isis drone attacks, sometimes several times a day, against many different targets”.

ISIS在一月份發(fā)布的一個(gè)視頻中展示了其武裝無(wú)人機(jī)的能力。從那時(shí)起，“我們幾乎每天都會(huì)看到ISIS利用無(wú)人機(jī)進(jìn)行襲擊的消息，有時(shí)甚至每天幾次，針對(duì)多個(gè)不同目標(biāo)，”中東媒體研究院(Memri)的史蒂文•斯坦林斯基(Steve Stalinsky)說(shuō)。

Bombmaking workshops run by Isis have weaponised X-8s and other drones such as the Phantom, made by Shenzhen-based DJI, the world’s largest commercial dronemaker. Some hobby drones now boast formidable capabilities, with 7km ranges and payloads up to 40kg.

ISIS的炸彈制造工廠(chǎng)已經(jīng)將天行者X-8和其他型號(hào)的無(wú)人機(jī)改裝成了武器，其中包括由全球最大的商用無(wú)人機(jī)制造公司深圳大疆創(chuàng)新科技有限公司(DJI)生產(chǎn)的大疆精靈(Phantom)?，F(xiàn)在，一些消遣型無(wú)人機(jī)號(hào)稱(chēng)具備強(qiáng)大性能，續(xù)航距離可達(dá)7公里，有效載荷可達(dá)40公斤。

The Kurdish government claims to have recorded at least two instances of Isis-controlled drones dropping hand grenades on its forces. 庫(kù)爾德自治政府聲稱(chēng)，他們至少記錄了兩起ISIS控制的無(wú)人機(jī)向其武裝部隊(duì)投擲手榴彈的事件。

The founder of one Shenzhen-based armed drone manufacturer says that while military drones are strictly regulated, consumer drones are not — and unmanned aerial vehicles “can be retrofitted with one to two hand grenades very easily”.

深圳一家武裝無(wú)人機(jī)制造商的創(chuàng)始人說(shuō)，軍用無(wú)人機(jī)受到嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管，但民用無(wú)人機(jī)卻沒(méi)有，而且給無(wú)人駕駛飛行器“加裝一到兩個(gè)手榴彈簡(jiǎn)單至極”。

Chinese consumer drones figure prominently in the arsenals of terror groups for the same reasons they have grabbed market share all over the world, according to Robert Garbett, chairman of Drone Major, a UK-based consultancy: “They are cheap and readily available.”

英國(guó)咨詢(xún)公司Drone Major的董事長(zhǎng)羅伯特•加伯特(Robert Garbett)認(rèn)為，中國(guó)民用無(wú)人機(jī)在全球市場(chǎng)搶占份額，同時(shí)在恐怖組織武器庫(kù)中占據(jù)重要位置，都出于同一個(gè)原因。他說(shuō)：“它們價(jià)格低廉，很容易買(mǎi)到。”

Chinese dronemakers say there is nothing they can do to prevent their wares from being hijacked. DJI laments the use of its drones in warfare as “deplorable” and an “abuse of the technology”.

中國(guó)的無(wú)人機(jī)制造商表示，對(duì)于自己的產(chǎn)品被恐怖分子“劫持”，他們無(wú)能為力。大疆創(chuàng)新科技痛惜地表示，在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上使用其生產(chǎn)的無(wú)人機(jī)“應(yīng)受到譴責(zé)”，“是對(duì)技術(shù)的濫用”。

“As a manufacturer, we are unable to control what people do with them similar to the manufacturers of pick-up trucks, cars or other items that have been weaponised in conflict zones,” the company told the Financial Times.

“與在沖突地區(qū)被用作武器的皮卡、小汽車(chē)和其他物品的制造商一樣，作為無(wú)人機(jī)的生產(chǎn)商，我們也無(wú)法控制人們?nèi)绾问褂梦覀兊漠a(chǎn)品，”大疆創(chuàng)新科技對(duì)英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》說(shuō)。

Skywalker Technologies likewise said it did not “have the power to require customers make no modifications to our products”.

思凱沃克科技公司同樣表示，其“無(wú)權(quán)要求客戶(hù)不得改裝我們的產(chǎn)品”。

Other manufacturers appeared to have no idea their products were being used for purposes outside of recreation.

其他制造商似乎對(duì)他們的產(chǎn)品被用于娛樂(lè)以外的目的并不知情。

“We have never heard of anything like this happening,” said Chen Minfang, a manager at Tensho, a Fujian-based toy aircraft and dronemaker. “We do not know anything about this. How would Isis be using our products? We only sell to Europe and North America. We sell toy planes. How could they arm toy planes?”

“我們從來(lái)沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這種事，”福建玩具飛機(jī)和無(wú)人機(jī)生產(chǎn)商天翔(廈門(mén))模型有限公司(Tensho)的經(jīng)理陳閩芳(音)說(shuō)。“我們對(duì)此一無(wú)所知。ISIS怎么會(huì)使用我們的產(chǎn)品?我們的產(chǎn)品只銷(xiāo)往歐洲和北美市場(chǎng)。我們賣(mài)的是玩具飛機(jī)。他們?cè)趺唇o玩具飛機(jī)裝配武器?”

A Tensho Skyhunter drone was shot down by Syrian forces in 2014, according to the Bard College report.

根據(jù)巴德學(xué)院的報(bào)告，敘利亞軍隊(duì)曾于2014年擊落過(guò)一架天翔生產(chǎn)的獵鷹(Skyhunter)無(wú)人機(jī)。

“It's not clear how these drones are ending up in Isis’s hands,” said Dan Gettinger, director of the Bard College Center. although he noted that “they are pretty available from a lot of resellers on the internet”.

“現(xiàn)在還不清楚這些無(wú)人機(jī)是如何落到ISIS手中的，”巴德學(xué)院無(wú)人機(jī)研究中心主任丹•蓋廷格(Dan Gettinger)說(shuō)。不過(guò)，他指出，“網(wǎng)上有很多經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商都在銷(xiāo)售無(wú)人機(jī)。”

Mr Gettinger said that although the drones had not had a strategic impact on fighting, they had been used effectively as propaganda tools, for example by filming attacks.

蓋廷格說(shuō)，雖然無(wú)人機(jī)并未對(duì)戰(zhàn)斗產(chǎn)生戰(zhàn)略性影響，但它們被有效地用作宣傳工具，例如，用于拍攝襲擊場(chǎng)面。

“They didn't change the battle in Mosul,” he said. “But they have a larger tactical implication — they compel US military and others to invest in counter-drone systems and improve their capabilities to defend against drones.”

“它們沒(méi)有改變摩蘇爾戰(zhàn)役的結(jié)果，”他說(shuō)，“但是，它們具有較大的戰(zhàn)術(shù)性意義——迫使美國(guó)軍方和其他有關(guān)各方投資研發(fā)反無(wú)人機(jī)系統(tǒng)，并提升防御無(wú)人機(jī)能力。”

Some militaries and police forces have been developing defences against weaponised commercial drones, including the use of microwaves and netting, while Dutch forces have even begun taking down rogue drones with eagles.

一些軍隊(duì)和警察機(jī)關(guān)已經(jīng)在開(kāi)發(fā)防御武裝商用無(wú)人機(jī)的方法，包括用微波探測(cè)和張網(wǎng)捕捉。而荷蘭警方甚至已經(jīng)開(kāi)始用老鷹來(lái)?yè)袈?ldquo;流氓”無(wú)人機(jī)。

Meanwhile, Chinese dronemakers have been in discussions about promoting global standards for the industry.

與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)的無(wú)人機(jī)制造商一直在討論如何推動(dòng)全球性行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

DJI has taken the lead among Chinese dronemakers since 2013 in installing geofencing — which uses GPS to prevent drones from working in certain parts of the globe. However, experts say the technology is easy to bypass.

2013年，大疆創(chuàng)新科技率先在其無(wú)人機(jī)上安裝地理圍欄系統(tǒng)——利用全球定位系統(tǒng)(GPS)防止無(wú)人機(jī)在某些地理區(qū)域內(nèi)工作，之后其他中國(guó)無(wú)人機(jī)制造商紛紛采取了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。但是，專(zhuān)家指出，繞開(kāi)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的限制非常容易。

Another security measure would be to require buyers to identify themselves and to require drones to carry UDIMs, SIM card-like devices that are a form of digital licence. Chinese dronemakers are actively promoting this technology through the International Standards Organisation, where a committee is developing a global registry for drone users, Mr Garbett says.

另一個(gè)安全措施是要求買(mǎi)家進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，并要求無(wú)人機(jī)攜帶UDIM——類(lèi)似SIM卡的裝置，作為無(wú)人機(jī)數(shù)字證書(shū)。中國(guó)的無(wú)人機(jī)制造商正在通過(guò)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(International Standards Organization)積極推廣這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。蓋廷格說(shuō)，該組織的一個(gè)委員會(huì)正在開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)全球性的無(wú)人機(jī)用戶(hù)登記系統(tǒng)。

“The Chinese are very much involved with this effort and very keen to ensure there are global standards that would ensure accountability of drone users,” he says. “That’s not to say that [such a system] couldn’t be tricked or hacked, but one would have to be very determined to do it.”

“中國(guó)人在這方面做了大量工作，他們非常希望建立一個(gè)能夠?qū)o(wú)人機(jī)用戶(hù)進(jìn)行問(wèn)責(zé)的全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，”他說(shuō)，“這并不是說(shuō)(這種系統(tǒng))必須無(wú)堅(jiān)不摧，不能被欺騙或被黑客入侵，但必須要下定決心去建立這么一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。”

Additional reporting by Erika Solomon 譯者/何黎