中國(guó)取消七大行業(yè)出口補(bǔ)貼

China has agreed to eliminate a wide range ofsubsidies for its exporters following a US complaintto the World Trade Organisation. The move came ina bilateral agreement between the two governmentsthat ended a dispute that had lasted more than ayear.

在美國(guó)向世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)提起申訴后，中國(guó)已經(jīng)同意取消其向出口企業(yè)提供的多種補(bǔ)貼。兩國(guó)政府為此達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)雙邊協(xié)議，結(jié)束持續(xù)一年多的一場(chǎng)糾紛。

Michael Froman, the US Trade Representative,announced the deal on Thursday, calling it “a win for Americans employed in seven diversesectors that run the gamut from agriculture to textiles”.

美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表邁克爾•弗羅曼(Michael Froman)周四宣布這項(xiàng)協(xié)議，稱其“對(duì)于在從農(nóng)業(yè)到紡織品的7個(gè)不同行業(yè)受雇的美國(guó)人是一個(gè)勝利”。

The US challenge, launched in February 2015, took issue with incentives for Chinese exportersin seven sectors: textiles, apparel and footwear; advanced materials and metals; lightindustry; specialty chemicals; medical products; hardware and building materials; andagriculture.

美國(guó)在2015年2月向中國(guó)發(fā)難，針對(duì)中國(guó)在7個(gè)行業(yè)向本國(guó)出口企業(yè)提供的激勵(lì)。這些行業(yè)是：紡織、服裝和鞋類;先進(jìn)材料和金屬;輕工業(yè);特種化學(xué)品;醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品;五金建材;以及農(nóng)業(yè)。

The EU, Japan and Brazil later joined the complaint over what China calls “demonstrationbases”, or industrial clusters that receive government subsidies in return for meeting exporttargets. US officials spotlighted 179 such clusters after uncovering what they labelled illegalsubsidies during an earlier WTO case over auto parts. To ferret out the details, US investigatorspored over more than 5,000 pages of Mandarin-translated government documents from Beijing.

歐盟、日本和巴西后來(lái)加入了針對(duì)中國(guó)所稱的“示范基地”(接受政府補(bǔ)貼以達(dá)到出口目標(biāo)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群)的申訴。美國(guó)官員們列出了179個(gè)這樣的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，此前他們?cè)谝黄饑@汽車零部件的WTO案件中發(fā)現(xiàn)了他們所稱的非法補(bǔ)貼。為了深挖細(xì)節(jié)，美國(guó)調(diào)查人員仔細(xì)研究了5000多頁(yè)從中文翻譯過(guò)來(lái)的中國(guó)政府文件。

Though China is attempting to pivot from its reliance upon exports to a greater focus ondomestic consumption, exporters enjoy an array of benefits that the US said were prohibitedunder WTO rules. They included cash grants and free or discounted services for designatedenterprises.

盡管中國(guó)正試圖從依賴出口轉(zhuǎn)向更加注重國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)，但出口企業(yè)仍享受著一系列優(yōu)惠，而美國(guó)認(rèn)為這些優(yōu)惠在WTO規(guī)則下是被禁止的。它們包括面向指定企業(yè)的現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)助和免費(fèi)或優(yōu)惠服務(wù)。

Trade with China has featured in the 2016 presidential campaign with Republican frontrunnerDonald Trump regularly lambasting Beijing for taking unfair advantage of Americancompanies. Last year, the US ran up a $366bn trade deficit. So far this year, the deficit isrunning more than 10 per cent ahead of last year’s pace.

對(duì)華貿(mào)易成了2016年美國(guó)總統(tǒng)大選中的一個(gè)重要話題，共和黨總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選領(lǐng)跑者唐納德•特朗普(DonaldTrump)經(jīng)常猛轟北京方面不公平地占美國(guó)企業(yè)的便宜。去年美國(guó)貿(mào)易赤字達(dá)到3660億美元。今年迄今美國(guó)貿(mào)易赤字同比高出逾10%。

Gary Hufbauer, a trade expert at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, said theaccord would do little to reshape trade flows. “It’s not going to make any great difference,” hesaid, adding that it might shave as little as $5bn from the yawning deficit.

華盛頓彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所(Peterson Institute for International Economics)貿(mào)易專家加里•赫夫鮑爾(Gary Hufbauer)表示，該協(xié)議將無(wú)助于重塑貿(mào)易流動(dòng)。“它不會(huì)帶來(lái)任何大的改變，”他表示。他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，它可能只會(huì)使不斷攀升的美國(guó)貿(mào)易赤字降低50億美元。

The concessions come as the US and Europe threaten to withhold “market economy status”from China, which would allow Chinese goods to be judged against prevailing prices in Chinawhen dumping cases are brought. Without the designation, Chinese companies accused ofdumping may be measured against prices in third countries that are almost always higher. Theterms of China’s accession to the WTO say that China should be granted the status in 15 years,which falls in December of this year.

中國(guó)作出這一讓步之際，美國(guó)和歐洲威脅不承認(rèn)中國(guó)的“市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位”，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位將使中國(guó)產(chǎn)品在反傾銷案件中按照中國(guó)的現(xiàn)行價(jià)格得到評(píng)判。若沒(méi)有這一地位，被指傾銷的中國(guó)企業(yè)可能被與第三國(guó)的價(jià)格進(jìn)行比較，其結(jié)果幾乎肯定是第三國(guó)的價(jià)格更高。根據(jù)中國(guó)加入WTO的條款，中國(guó)應(yīng)該在加入15年后(即今年12月)被授予市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。

The agreement to withdraw the subsidies also comes as Beijing acknowledges the degree ofexcess industrial capacity that has been constructed over the past 15 years, in sectorsranging from metals or coal to consumer goods. Chinese planners are now worried that millsand factories built with subsidies and bank loans are destroying margins and making it moredifficult to tackle a pile of debt that is weighing on economic performance.

同意取消補(bǔ)貼之際，北京方面還承認(rèn)過(guò)去15年里中國(guó)在金屬、煤炭、消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)品等行業(yè)發(fā)展了嚴(yán)重過(guò)剩的產(chǎn)能。中國(guó)的規(guī)劃者們現(xiàn)在擔(dān)心，當(dāng)年依靠補(bǔ)貼和銀行貸款建成的大批工廠，正在摧毀利潤(rùn)率，并加大了應(yīng)對(duì)一大堆正在拖累經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)的債務(wù)的難度。