揭穿七大流傳甚廣的“假真相”

“真相只有一個(gè)!”這句來(lái)自日本動(dòng)漫《名偵探柯南》的名言幾乎無(wú)人不曉。然而，隨著時(shí)間流逝，許多真相由于歷史久遠(yuǎn)而變得扭曲，或者在人們的口口相傳中面目全非。以下是近年來(lái)在全球范圍內(nèi)流傳甚廣的七大“假真相”。

1. Penguins Mate for Life

During the mid-2000s, films like "Happy Feet" made penguins all the rage, and young lovers went around spouting off facts like "penguins mate for life." While the idea is sweet, it's not exactly true.

Penguins usually stick with their partners through the mating season, but when it's time to mate again, they choose whomever is convenient, not necessarily their old flame.

1. 企鵝伴侶廝守終生?

幾年前，《快樂(lè)的大腳》等多部以企鵝為題材的電影熱映，令這種憨態(tài)可掬的可愛(ài)動(dòng)物風(fēng)靡全球。與此同時(shí)，“企鵝伴侶廝守終生”的說(shuō)法也在年輕人尤其是小情侶間流傳開(kāi)來(lái)。盡管這個(gè)說(shuō)法很動(dòng)聽(tīng)，但它并不是事實(shí)。

目前大約有18個(gè)企鵝物種，它們的交配習(xí)性在本質(zhì)上相似。交配季期間，它們會(huì)與選定的伴侶廝守在一起。但當(dāng)下一個(gè)交配季來(lái)臨時(shí)，它們會(huì)再次選擇合適的配偶，不論對(duì)方是不是自己的“舊愛(ài)”。

對(duì)于筑巢的企鵝來(lái)說(shuō)，交配季時(shí)還會(huì)上演肥皂劇戲碼。例如阿德利公企鵝會(huì)筑好巢穴接受母企鵝檢查，如果公企鵝之前的配偶來(lái)到了，“舊愛(ài)”可能會(huì)將“新歡”趕出巢穴。

2. Vincent Van Gogh Cut Off His Entire Ear

This is not entirely true. It was not his entire ear - just the tip of the lobe - and some say he didn't even do it. Van Gogh lived with artist Paul Gauguin, who had quite a violent temper, and many believe Gauguin actually did the cutting.

Either way, Van Gogh did reportedly send the tip to a prostitute.

2. 梵高割下整只耳朵?

據(jù)史料記載，荷蘭著名畫(huà)家文森特•梵高曾割掉耳朵，后在法國(guó)瓦茲河飲彈自殺。但需要澄清的是，梵高割掉的不是整只耳朵，而是一部分耳垂。

至于梵高割耳事件，有幾個(gè)不同的版本。有人說(shuō)他是割下耳朵洗凈放在信封里，送給一名妓女;有人說(shuō)他是在得知自己經(jīng)濟(jì)和情感的支柱——弟弟——即將結(jié)婚的消息后，精神崩潰割掉耳朵;還有人認(rèn)為是梵高與好友、同樣赫赫有名的畫(huà)家高更爭(zhēng)執(zhí)時(shí)，被高更用劍砍掉了耳朵。

3. Napoleon Bonaparte was Short

Everyone knows Napoleon Bonaparte was a tiny man - after all, his nickname was "le Petit Corporal." His reputation for being short even inspired the phenomenon known as the "Napoleon complex."

In reality, Napoleon stood around 5 feet and 7 inches tall, which was very average back in the day. Many believe his nickname was meant as a term of endearment, not a reference to his height.

3. 拿破侖是個(gè)矮子?

在心理學(xué)上有一個(gè)概念，被稱(chēng)為“拿破侖情結(jié)”，也叫作“矮個(gè)子癥候群”。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，就是矮個(gè)子比高個(gè)子更有暴力傾向。不難看出，身材矮小已成為貼在拿破侖身上最醒目的標(biāo)簽之一。

人們普遍認(rèn)為拿破侖是個(gè)矮子，這一看法源于他臨終時(shí)測(cè)得的身高為5英尺2英寸(約合1.57米)，但這是法國(guó)舊度量制度測(cè)量的結(jié)果，按照現(xiàn)在的單位換算，拿破侖的身高接近5英尺7英寸(約合1.7米)，在他所處的年代這屬于平均身高。

那么，拿破侖為何被稱(chēng)作“小士兵”(Le Petit Caporel)?這是對(duì)他的愛(ài)稱(chēng)，而非取笑。

4. Ben Franklin Preferred a Turkey to a Bald Eagle

The bald eagle is certainly a well-known representation of America, but legend has it that if Ben Franklin had his way, a turkey would have been much better. In reality, Franklin wrote a letter to his daughter mocking the eagle symbol used in a seal by the Society of the Cincinnati, a private military group.

He said it looked like a turkey and may as well be one.

4. 富蘭克林建議選火雞當(dāng)美國(guó)國(guó)鳥(niǎo)?

本杰明•富蘭克林發(fā)明了避雷針，是一名杰出的發(fā)明家，也是美國(guó)著名政治家。有歷史故事稱(chēng)，富蘭克林不滿(mǎn)意白頭鷹作為美國(guó)國(guó)鳥(niǎo)，他建議選用火雞。

這其實(shí)是誤讀。在富蘭克林寫(xiě)給女兒的一封信中，他譏諷一個(gè)私人軍事組織將白頭鷹用于印章，但他嘲笑的是印章上的白頭鷹看起來(lái)像火雞，而不是說(shuō)火雞更適合做美國(guó)國(guó)鳥(niǎo)。

5. You Have Five Senses

If you remember learning about the senses in elementary school, you know humans possess five: sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. Most scientists agree, however, that you have more like 10-20 senses, including pain, hunger, thirst, temperature, and more.

5. 人只有五種感覺(jué)?

古希臘哲學(xué)家亞里士多德認(rèn)為，人有五種感覺(jué)：視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)和味覺(jué)。直至今日，這種說(shuō)法仍得到主流科學(xué)家們的認(rèn)同，因?yàn)檫@五種感覺(jué)能被檢測(cè)出來(lái)。

人還有其他的感覺(jué)嗎?當(dāng)然，疼痛、饑餓、口渴、冷熱等等都是人的感覺(jué)，但不是通過(guò)前面五個(gè)“官”感知，而是地地道道、沒(méi)有清晰位置或表現(xiàn)的感覺(jué)，這些感覺(jué)多達(dá)10至20種。

6. George Washington had Wooden Teeth

George Washington is known for three things: being the first president, chopping down a cherry tree, and having wooden teeth. At least one of these is certainly not true. While Washington did have bad teeth, his dentures were not wooden.

6. 喬治•華盛頓有一口木質(zhì)假牙?

提起喬治•華盛頓，絕大多數(shù)人會(huì)馬上聯(lián)想到三件事：他是美國(guó)首任總統(tǒng)，他小時(shí)候砍倒了一棵櫻桃樹(shù)以及他有一口木質(zhì)假牙。其中，至少有一件事不是真的，雖然華盛頓的牙口確實(shí)不好，但他的假牙不是木頭做的。

曾任美國(guó)加州大學(xué)洛杉磯牙科學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)的里德?tīng)?bull;索格內(nèi)斯德深入研究了華盛頓的假牙。他宣稱(chēng)，華盛頓配過(guò)多副假牙，有鉛制的、象牙的，也有使用人的、牛的以及其他動(dòng)物的牙齒，但沒(méi)有當(dāng)時(shí)流行的木質(zhì)假牙。而且，華盛頓的牙齒并不是全部脫落，到總統(tǒng)就職典禮時(shí)，除假牙外，他還有一顆真牙能夠承擔(dān)咀嚼工作。

7. Einstein was a Bad Student

If you ever made bad grades and pulled the old "Albert Einstein used to make bad grades" card with your parents or teachers, you are lucky you got away with it. In reality, Einstein was at the top of his class and mastered calculus when he was barely a teenager.

The reputation he developed for being a bad student had more to do with his behavior. He liked to talk back to his teachers.

7. 愛(ài)因斯坦學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)差?

經(jīng)常有學(xué)生考砸了，就拿出“愛(ài)因斯坦小時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)成績(jī)也不好”的說(shuō)辭為自己辯解。但事實(shí)上，愛(ài)因斯坦上學(xué)時(shí)一直在班級(jí)里成績(jī)拔尖，他十幾歲時(shí)就掌握了微積分。

至于愛(ài)因斯坦為何會(huì)落下一個(gè)“壞學(xué)生”的名聲，這與他的言行有關(guān)。愛(ài)因斯坦成績(jī)好，但并不循規(guī)蹈矩、對(duì)老師的話(huà)言聽(tīng)計(jì)從，他遇事喜歡自己思考、提出自己的見(jiàn)解，也因此經(jīng)常頂撞老師。