《查理周報(bào)》主編：為挑釁而生，為挑釁而死

Charlie Hebdo Editor Made Provocation His Mission

《查理周報(bào)》主編：為挑釁而生，為挑釁而死

Stéphane Charbonnier, the editorial director of the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, was often pictured with his fist aloft.

法國(guó)政治諷刺報(bào)紙《查理周報(bào)》(Charlie Hebdo)的編輯部主任斯特凡納·沙博尼耶(Stéphane Charbonnier)，在照片中時(shí)常做出揮舞拳頭的樣子。

Mr. Charbonnier, 47, a cartoonist known professionally as Charb, was among 12 people killed Wednesday when gunmen attacked his newspaper’s offices in Paris. He had been instrumental in a series of defiant campaigns that divided public opinion — some saw them as powerful stands for free speech, and others as needless provocations.

47歲的沙博尼耶是一名漫畫(huà)家，筆名叫沙博(Charb)。當(dāng)槍手周三襲擊他的報(bào)社在巴黎的辦公室時(shí)，包括他在內(nèi)的12人遇害。一系列的挑釁性活動(dòng)都有他的參與。公眾對(duì)這些活動(dòng)的意見(jiàn)不一，有人認(rèn)為它們是捍衛(wèi)言論自由的強(qiáng)大平臺(tái)，也有一些人則認(rèn)為它們是不必要的挑釁。

He oversaw the publication of a spoof issue in 2011, advertised as guest edited by the Prophet Muhammad, which led to the paper’s offices being firebombed.

2011年，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)出版了一期諷刺性的?？?，宣稱該刊由先知穆罕默德(Prophet Muhammad)擔(dān)任客座編輯。此事導(dǎo)致該報(bào)的辦公地點(diǎn)遭遇燃燒彈攻擊。

In 2012, Mr. Charbonnier defied the advice of the French government and published crude caricatures of Muhammad, shown naked and in sexual poses. Depictions of the prophet, even if reverent, are forbidden under Islamic law. One of the people killed Wednesday was a police officer assigned to guard the paper’s offices after those episodes.

2012年，沙博尼耶不顧法國(guó)政府的建議，刊登了一系列粗俗的漫畫(huà)。在漫畫(huà)中，穆罕默德赤身裸體，擺著有性含義的姿勢(shì)。而對(duì)先知的描繪，哪怕是以虔誠(chéng)的方式，在伊斯蘭教法中都是被禁止的。周三的遇害者中包括一名警察。這名警察是在在發(fā)生了這些事件后，被派去保護(hù)該報(bào)的辦公場(chǎng)所的。

“Is it really sensible or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?” asked Laurent Fabius, the foreign minister at the time, when he closed French embassies, consulates, cultural centers and schools in about 20 countries.

“火上澆油真的理智嗎，明智嗎?”時(shí)任外長(zhǎng)洛朗·法比尤斯(Laurent Fabius)在關(guān)閉法國(guó)位于大約20個(gè)國(guó)家的使領(lǐng)館、文化機(jī)構(gòu)和學(xué)校時(shí)說(shuō)。

Mr. Charbonnier himself was under police protection, though he told Le Monde, the French daily, that as a single man he did not fear retaliation, and that however pompous it might sound, he would rather “die standing than live on my knees.”

沙博尼耶自己也受到了警方的保護(hù)，不過(guò)他告訴法國(guó)《世界報(bào)》(Le Monde)說(shuō)，作為一名單身漢，他不怕報(bào)復(fù)，并且不管聽(tīng)上去可能有多么浮夸，他說(shuō)自己寧愿“站著死，也不愿跪著生”。

When the French prime minister at the time, Jean-Marc Ayrault, said that the government planned to block a series of protests by Muslims, Mr. Charbonnier defied that, too. “Why should they prohibit these people from expressing themselves?” Mr. Charbonnier said at the time. “We have the right to express ourselves, they have the right to express themselves, too.”

時(shí)任總理讓-馬克·埃羅(Jean-Marc Ayrault)稱政府打算阻止穆斯林發(fā)起的一系列抗議時(shí)，沙博尼耶也表示了反對(duì)。“為什么要禁止這些人表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，”沙博尼耶當(dāng)時(shí)說(shuō)。“我們有權(quán)表達(dá)我們的觀點(diǎn)，他們也有權(quán)表達(dá)他們的觀點(diǎn)。”

Mr. Charbonnier, a slight man with thick glasses, had worked at Charlie Hebdo for more than 20 years, he said in an interview with Al Jazeera English in 2012. For that whole time, he said, the newspaper had been “provocative on many subjects.”

沙博尼耶身材瘦小，戴著一副厚眼鏡。2012年接受半島電視臺(tái)(Al Jazeera)英語(yǔ)頻道的采訪時(shí)，他說(shuō)自己在《查理周報(bào)》工作已經(jīng)有20多年了。他表示，在這期間，《查理周報(bào)》“在很多問(wèn)題上都頗為挑釁”。

“It just so happens that every time we deal with radical Islam we have a problem and we get indignant or violent reactions,” he said.

“事情就是這樣，每次處理有關(guān)激進(jìn)的伊斯蘭教問(wèn)題時(shí)，我們都會(huì)遇到問(wèn)題，都會(huì)引起憤憤不平或是暴力的反應(yīng)，”他說(shuō)。

A recent cartoon by Mr. Charbonnier, shared on social media Wednesday, appeared gruesomely prophetic. It pictured a hapless-looking man, dressed in the style of many Islamic extremists, under the words “still no attacks in France.” The extremist, in a speech bubble, pointed out that he had until the end of January to present his New Year’s wishes.

周三，沙博尼耶不久前創(chuàng)作的一幅漫畫(huà)在社交媒體上傳播。這幅漫畫(huà)的內(nèi)容似乎在這次襲擊事件中得到了應(yīng)驗(yàn)。他畫(huà)了一名沮喪的男子，裝扮與許多伊斯蘭極端分子相同，漫畫(huà)上方寫(xiě)著，“法國(guó)尚未遭到襲擊”。這名極端分子在漫畫(huà)里的對(duì)話泡泡中說(shuō)，他1月底之前都可以許下他的新年愿望。

Among the dozen people killed in the attack Wednesday were two of the magazine’s founding cartoonists, Jean Cabut, who used the pen name Cabu, and Georges Wolinski. Also killed was Bernard Verlhac, who used the pen name Tignous.

周三遇難的12人中，有兩人是創(chuàng)辦這本雜志的漫畫(huà)家：讓·卡比(Jean Cabut)——筆名是卡比——和喬治·沃林斯基(Georges Wolinski)。遇難者還包括貝爾納德·韋里亞克(Bernard Verlhac)，他的筆名為蒂格努斯(Tignous)。

“To have cartoonists slaughtered for publishing cartoons is something we haven’t seen since the 18th century,” said Françoise Mouly, the art editor of The New Yorker magazine, who was born in France and grew up reading Charlie Hebdo. “They were troublemakers for my entire life,” she said.

“漫畫(huà)家因?yàn)榘l(fā)表漫畫(huà)而遭到殺害，這是我們18世紀(jì)以來(lái)都不曾見(jiàn)過(guò)的，”《紐約客》雜志的美術(shù)編輯弗朗索瓦茲·穆利(Françoise Mouly)。穆利生于法國(guó)，是閱讀著《查理周報(bào)》長(zhǎng)大的。“在我的記憶中，他們很喜歡制造麻煩。”

The 45-year-old newspaper, part of a long tradition in France of using satire and insolence, regularly targets politicians, the police, bankers, religion and religious figures — from popes to prophets. This week’s issue included a mock debate about whether Jesus exists.

這家有45年歷史的報(bào)紙，是法國(guó)用諷刺和無(wú)禮來(lái)針對(duì)政客、警察、銀行家、宗教以及宗教人物的長(zhǎng)期傳統(tǒng)的一部分。這些宗教人物既包括教皇，也包括先知。本周的報(bào)紙就包括關(guān)于耶穌是否存在的諷刺性討論。

The newspaper was born in controversy in 1970 when a publication called Hara-Kiri, where Mr. Cabut and Mr. Wolinski had worked, folded after coming under criticism for mocking the death of Charles de Gaulle. Its staff pivoted to set up a new weekly, Charlie Hebdo — Charlie Weekly — a reference to its reprint of Charlie Brown cartoons from the United States. The paper’s founding “was the moment when cartoonists became important in French culture,” Ms. Mouly said.

《查理周報(bào)》于1970年在爭(zhēng)議中誕生，當(dāng)時(shí)，一份名叫《切腹》(Hara-Kiri)的出版物因諷刺夏爾·戴高樂(lè)(Charles de Gaulle)遭受強(qiáng)烈批評(píng)，后來(lái)倒閉。于是，這家出版機(jī)構(gòu)的員工創(chuàng)立了一份新的周刊，也就是《查理周報(bào)》，名字取自它轉(zhuǎn)載美國(guó)漫畫(huà)“查理·布朗” (Charlie Brown)。這份報(bào)紙的創(chuàng)辦意味著“漫畫(huà)家在法國(guó)文化中變得重要起來(lái)”，穆利說(shuō)。

Though its circulation is only around 30,000, Charlie Hebdo has sparked controversy and drawn the anger of Muslims with its provocative cartoons. In 2006, The newspaper reprinted cartoons of Muhammad first published by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, prompting a lawsuit from French Muslim groups.

盡管發(fā)行量只有大約3萬(wàn)，《查理周報(bào)》的挑釁性漫畫(huà)還是引發(fā)了爭(zhēng)議，并激怒了穆斯林。2006年，這家報(bào)紙轉(zhuǎn)載了丹麥報(bào)紙《日德蘭郵報(bào)》(Jyllands-Posten)率先刊登的穆罕默德的漫畫(huà)，遭到法國(guó)穆斯林群體的起訴。