英國(guó)女子因共用修甲器感染艾滋病毒

Woman catches HIV after having her nails done using shared manicure equipment
英國(guó)女子因共用修甲器感染艾滋病毒

英國(guó)一名年僅22歲的女性因與他人共用修指甲器而被診斷出感染上艾滋病毒。

醫(yī)生表示，這一在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上詳細(xì)介紹的案例，揭示了病毒傳播的新形式。

然而，研究人員提醒說(shuō)，這種通過(guò)共用修指甲器而傳染HIV的情況是非常罕見(jiàn)的，而且因新途徑而感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)機(jī)率也很小。

根據(jù)該雜志的艾滋病研究和人類(lèi)反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒(AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses)的報(bào)告顯示，當(dāng)該女子確診時(shí)，她已處于艾滋病晚期了。

這名女性并沒(méi)有感染艾滋病的常見(jiàn)高危因素。最常見(jiàn)的感染艾滋病毒的情況是不使用避孕套的性交。

艾滋病毒也會(huì)通過(guò)共用病毒感染的針頭或其他的注射設(shè)備，以及通過(guò)HIV陽(yáng)性的母親在其懷孕，分娩，哺乳期間傳染給她的孩子。

然而，這名女子幾年前與她的表親共用了修指甲器，而后來(lái)她的表親被檢測(cè)出呈HIV陽(yáng)性。

血液分析表明該女子大概在十年前已染上艾滋病病毒。

從兩位患者的進(jìn)一步的病毒基因分析來(lái)看，病毒是同一個(gè)來(lái)源，這暗示了HIV是通過(guò)修指甲器傳播的可能性。

就職于洛斯阿拉莫斯國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Los Alamos National Laboratory)，研究HIV序列數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(the HIV Sequence Database)的布萊恩·弗利(Brian Foley)博士表示，此案例不應(yīng)使人們恐懼與患有艾滋病毒的人進(jìn)行接觸，因?yàn)楦腥镜膸茁屎苄　?/p>

他說(shuō)：“艾滋病不會(huì)通過(guò)日常接觸傳播，如共用餐具，或用同一個(gè)杯子喝水。”

“共用指甲修剪器而傳播艾滋病是非常罕見(jiàn)的事情，因此不應(yīng)該使人們懼怕HIV或者害怕與感染艾滋病的病人進(jìn)行接觸。”

然而，他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)道，通過(guò)這件事，當(dāng)他們共享可能含血液的物品時(shí)，人們變得更加謹(jǐn)慎。

他說(shuō)：“應(yīng)該讓人們知道共用任何含血液接觸的器具，如用于藥物注射，刺青的針頭，或針灸都可能導(dǎo)致丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和艾滋病病毒的傳播。

“此外，還有一些其他的常見(jiàn)病毒和細(xì)菌也能夠通過(guò)未經(jīng)消毒的器具進(jìn)行傳播。”

艾滋病病毒可通過(guò)體液包括血液，精液，直腸液，陰道液和乳汁傳播。

它通過(guò)針頭或注射器注射直接進(jìn)入人體血液之中，或與受損組織或粘膜進(jìn)行接觸而傳播。

粘膜存在于口腔，陰道，陰莖口，和直腸內(nèi)。

特倫斯·希金斯信托(Terrence Higgins Trust)的醫(yī)務(wù)總監(jiān)邁克爾·布雷迪(Michael Brady)博士也贊同說(shuō)這是罕見(jiàn)的事例。

他說(shuō)道：“這是極不尋常的事件。它往往非常難以確定是否為HIV感染的源頭，尤其是其發(fā)生在十多年前，而且也難以想象HIV怎么會(huì)出現(xiàn)在修指甲器上。”

“在英國(guó)，大多數(shù)的艾滋病病毒是因無(wú)保護(hù)措施的性行為傳播的。我認(rèn)為我們不需要因?yàn)檫@個(gè)單一事件而改變我們預(yù)防艾滋病的最佳方式，即使用避孕套和定期檢測(cè)艾滋病毒。”
 

A 22-year-old woman was diagnosed with HIV after having her nails done using shared manicure equipment.

Doctors say the case, detailed in a medical journal, has revealed a new form of transmission for the virus.

However the researchers warned that transmission through shared manicure equipment is a 'very rare event' and the risks of infection from new sources are still very low.

When diagnosed, the woman was found to have advanced HIV, according to the report in the journal AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.

But she had none of the usual risk factors for acquiring the virus, which is most commonly caught by having sex without a condom.

It can also be passed on by sharing infected needles and other injecting equipment, and from an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.

However, the woman did report having shared manicure instruments years before with a cousin who was later found to be HIV-positive.

Blood analysis suggested the woman contracted the virus around ten years ago.

Further genetic analysis of the viruses from both patients suggested it came from a common ancestor, indicating the possibility HIV was transmitted through the manicure instruments.

Dr Brian Foley, of the HIV Sequence Database at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, said the case should not make people scared of contact with people with the virus, as the risk of infection is very low.

He said: 'HIV is not transmitted by casual contact, such as sharing eating utensils, or drinking from the same water glass.

'This transmission of HIV by shared manicure equipment is a very rare event that should serve not to make people fear HIV or contact with HIV-infected people.'

However, the case could promote caution around sharing items which may contain blood, he added.

He said: 'It should make people aware that sharing any utensils with possible blood-blood contact, such as needles used for drugs, tattoos, or acupuncture can result in transmission of viruses such as hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV.

'In addition, there are other common viruses and bacteria that can also be spread by sharing equipment without proper disinfection between users.'

HIV is transmitted from one person to another through bodily fluids including blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids and breast milk.

It must enter directly into a person's bloodstream through an injection with a needle or syringe, or come in contact with damaged tissue, or a mucous membrane.

Mucous membranes can be found inside the mouth, the vagina, the opening of the penis, and the rectum.

Dr Michael Brady, Medical Director at Terrence Higgins Trust, echoed that this is a rare case.

He said: 'This is a highly unusual case. It is often very difficult to be certain as to the source of an HIV infection – especially one that happened over a decade ago – and it is hard to imagine how HIV could be caught from manicure equipment.

'In the UK the vast majority of HIV infections are passed on through unprotected sex. I don’t think this single case need change our simple message that the best ways to prevent HIV infection are to use condoms and test regularly for the virus'.