魏武王曹操陵墓昨驚現(xiàn)河南

傳說中，魏武王曹操的高陵設72道陷阱，永埋地底，不被任何世人打擾。而昨天，考古專家證實河南安陽的一座東漢大墓就是曹操高崚。墓葬沒有人們想象的華美，但其中保存的大量文物也有相當?shù)难芯績r值。

　　ACCORDING to legend, the tomb of Cao Cao - third-century warlord and ruler of northern China - was protected by 72 decoys to keep its whereabouts secret。

　　But real-life archeologists have found it。

　　The grave of Cao (AD 155-220)， the founder of Wei Kingdom - the strongest and most prosperous

　　state during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 208-280)， was discovered inAnyang City in central China's Henan Province, archeologists announcedyesterday in Beijing。

　　According to Chen Ailan, director of the Henan cultural heritage administration, the discovered tomb, close to the former site of Wei's capital Luoyang, was confirmed as Cao's。

　　The 740-square-meter tomb, a size appropriate for a king, was confirmed to have been built at the time of Wei。

　　A stone tablet discovered at the scene said it belonged to the kingof Wei, and the remains in the tomb were determined to be of a man inhis 60s. Cao died at 65.

　　Minister, hero

　　Two women's bodies were also discovered in the tomb。

　　Cao is remembered for his outstanding military and political talents- "capable minister in peaceful times, righteous hero in chaotictimes," as one scholar put it。

　　He is also known for his poems - some included in China's middle school textbooks。

　　Characters based on Cao appear in major traditional Chinese operas,including Peking Opera and Sichuan Opera. A Chinese proverb, "speak ofCao Cao and he appears," is the equivalent of "speak of the devil" inEnglish。

　　In the well-known historical fiction, "The Romance of ThreeKingdoms," a fictionalized Cao says, "Better for me to wrong the worldthan for the world to wrong me."

　　The book secured his position as a villain in Chinese literature。

　　A famous tale said Cao was buried secretly and protected by 72 fake tombs to prevent raiders' invasion。

　　But while the location of his tomb was lost to history, it used tobe clear and was visited by many well known historic figures, includingthe Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin (AD 618-907)。

　　No luxury decorations were found in the tomb, but more than 250weapons, pieces of armor, pottery and other articles were confirmed asCao's everyday belongings。

　　近日，河南省文物考古研究所在安陽縣安豐鄉(xiāng)西高穴村搶救性發(fā)掘的一座東漢大墓獲重大考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)權(quán)威考古學家和歷史學家根據(jù)考古資料現(xiàn)場考證研究，確定這座東漢大墓為文獻中記載的魏武王曹操高陵。

　　27日上午，河南省文物局、河南安陽市及國家文物局有關(guān)方面負責人與部分專家學者一起在京舉行新聞發(fā)布會，向新聞界公布了這一重要發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　據(jù)出席發(fā)布會的專家、學者介紹，大墓位于河南省安陽縣安豐鄉(xiāng)西高穴村南，2004年底后曾多次被盜。為有效予以保護，2008年12月，經(jīng)報請國家文物局批準，河南省文物局組織河南省文物考古研究所開始對墓葬進行搶救性考古發(fā)掘。

　　發(fā)掘后發(fā)現(xiàn)，該墓平面為甲字形，坐西向東。這座帶斜坡墓道的雙室磚券墓，規(guī)模宏大，結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，主要由墓道、前后室和四個側(cè)室構(gòu)成。斜坡墓道長39.5米，寬9.8米，最深處距地表約15米；墓壙平面略呈梯形，東邊寬22米，西邊寬19.5米，東西長18米；大墓占地面積約740平方米。

　　該墓雖被多次盜掘，但仍幸存一些重要隨葬品。共出土器物250余件，有金、銀、銅、鐵、玉、石、骨、漆、陶、云母等多種質(zhì)地。器類主要有銅帶鉤、鐵甲、鐵劍、鐵鏃、玉珠、水晶珠、瑪瑙珠、石圭、石璧、石枕、刻銘石牌、陶俑等，其中以刻銘石牌和遺骨最為重要。此次共出土刻銘石牌59件，有長方形、圭形等，銘文記錄了隨葬物品的名稱和數(shù)量。其中8件圭形石牌極為珍貴，分別刻有“魏武王常所用格虎大戟”“魏武王常所用格虎大刀”等銘文。在追繳該墓被盜出土的一件石枕上，刻有“魏武王常所用慰項石”銘文。這些出土文字材料為研究確定墓主身份提供了重要的、最直接的歷史學依據(jù)。

　　除上述器物外，該墓還出土有大量畫像石殘塊。這批畫像石畫工精細嫻熟，雕刻精美，內(nèi)容豐富，有“神獸”“七女復仇”等圖案，并刻有“咸陽令”“紀梁”“侍郎”“宋王車”“文王十子”“飲酒人”等文字，堪稱漢畫像石中不可多得的精品。

　　在墓室清理中，發(fā)現(xiàn)有人頭骨、肢骨等部分遺骨，專家初步鑒定為一男兩女3個個體，其中，墓主人為男性，年齡在60歲左右。

　　據(jù)介紹，有關(guān)專家對這些考古發(fā)現(xiàn)進行了多次論證，根據(jù)墓葬形制、結(jié)構(gòu)及隨葬品時代特征，認為這座大墓年代為東漢晚期，結(jié)合文獻記載，判定該墓的墓主人為中國歷史上著名的政治家、軍事家、文學家魏武王曹操。

　　大墓即文獻中記載的高陵。