托福核心詞匯：Types of Social Groups

　　Humanness人性

　　原文：Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. 我們的人性就產生于這種社會性的互動關系中。

　　強化記憶：

　　We abandon an essential feature of our humanness. 我們放棄了做人的基本品質。

　　You, have no any tenet, have no any humanness. 你沒有任何的宗旨，沒有任何人性。

　　Bound束縛;受約束的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關系可以分為兩種：情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

　　強化記憶：

　　We are bound hand and foot by the contract, so we are unable to help you. 我們受到合同的約束而不能幫你。

　　Don’t be bound by expectations! 不要被他人期待所束縛。

　　Instrumental 儀器的;有幫助的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關系可以分為兩種：情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

　　強化記憶：

　　He was instrumental in catching the criminal. 在捉拿那個罪犯的過程中，他起了作用。

　　It is an instrumental work. 這是一部可以用樂器演奏的作品。

　　Companionship 友誼;陪伴

　　原文：Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.通過和對我們來說十分重要的人交流從而得到的安全感，愛情，認可，友誼和個人價值等一系列情感。

　　強化記憶：

　　She feels the need of companionship. 她感到需要友誼。

　　A dog provides some companionship. 狗可以作伴。

　　Endow 捐贈

　　原文：More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 更多的時候我們沒有發(fā)展出任何更有意義的關系而只是簡單的與其他人合作并走向終點。

　　強化記憶：

　　I can only endow 100 dollars at most. 我充其量只能捐助100美元。

　　He endowed the hospital with a large fortune. 他捐贈了一筆巨款給這家醫(yī)院。

　　Gripe 發(fā)牢騷;抱怨

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們在共同合作中會相互發(fā)牢騷，開玩笑，傳八卦以及滿足感，由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關系。

　　強化記憶：

　　He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他時常愛發(fā)上一通牢騷。

　　He’s always griping about people at work. 他老是抱怨共事的人。

　　Gossip 閑聊;緋聞

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們在共同合作中會相互發(fā)牢騷，開玩笑，傳八卦以及滿足感，由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關系。

　　強化記憶：

　　I have no time to engage in gossip. 我無暇閑聊。

　　There has been much gossip in political circles. 政界里有許多流言蜚語。

　　Disperse 分散;傳播

　　原文：We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. 當一個人身處并消失在一個巨大的群體里時，我們很難了解到他。

　　強化記憶：

　　The police dispersed the crowd. 警方驅散群眾。

　　The wind dispersed the cloud from the sky. 風吹散了天上的云。

　　Proximity 接近;鄰近

　　原文：Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. 與另一個人近距離的觀察和交談可以有更多的機會交流細微的感情與觀念。

　　強化記憶：

　　Their house is in close proximity to ours. 他們的房子很接近我們的。

　　Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law. 法律規(guī)定禁止近親結婚。

　　Interlocking 連鎖的

　　原文：Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. 我們與其他人的紐帶經常隨著我們與其他人的互動而加深并演化為深層的相關聯(lián)的習慣和興趣。

　　強化記憶：

　　The Olympic symbol is the five interlocking rings. 奧林匹克的標志是五個相連的圓環(huán)。

　　The ecosystem can be redefined as interlocking life systems. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以再定義為相互關聯(lián)的生命系統(tǒng)的綜合。

　　Fundamental 基本的;重要的

　　原文：Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. 主要群組是人與人之間乃至整個社會的基礎。

　　強化記憶：

　　The fundamental things are also going on. 基礎建設也在進行中。

　　In all cases the same fundamental principles apply. 但在任何情況下基本原理是相同的。

　　Oneness 統(tǒng)一性;單一性

　　原文：Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. 社會學家通過對主要群組的觀察將其比喻為獨立的個體與整個社會之間的橋梁，因為他能轉換，能調節(jié)，能解釋一個社會文化符號并且能夠表達個體的感情并最終將二者合而為一。

　　強化記憶：

　　Cultural oneness is timeless and political oneness has time limits. 文化統(tǒng)一是沒有時間性的，而政治統(tǒng)一卻受時間的局限。

　　A sense of oneness with the natural world 與自然界的和諧感

　　Dispense 分配;分發(fā)

　　原文：Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. 這之中的成員調集并分配能夠維持我們的生存的極其重要的資源。

　　強化記憶：

　　The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the victims. 紅十字會分發(fā)食品和衣物給受害者。

　　We’d dispense with charity drives. 我們將不再進行慈善捐款活動。

　　Shun回避

　　原文：For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. 比如一些社會群組雇傭仲裁者(一種可以呆在群體中，但是卻不能與群體成員互動的人)像一部機器一樣的給那些習慣于超過這個群組所允許的范圍行動的個體制定標準。

　　強化記憶：

　　His friends shunned him. 他的朋友都避開他。

　　He shunned meeting any of his friends. 他避免與他的任何朋友碰面。

　　Deviate 越軌;脫離

　　原文：Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. 如果不能分配無效，那么群組成員就會通過拒絕或是指控來摒棄那些背離組織標準的人。

　　強化記憶：

　　Don’t always deviate to minor issues. 不要老是偏離到次要問題上去。

　　You will not deviate from your present course. 你不能偏離目前航線。

　　Equip 裝備;配備

　　原文：Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. 像這樣的群組一般會產生于我們與我們的社會生活所需要的標準和價值觀體系內。

　　強化記憶：

　　They can’t afford to equip their army. 他們無力裝備自己的軍隊。

　　Could you help me equip the caravan? 你能幫我準備好這輛旅行車上的裝備嗎?

　　Sociologist 社會學家

　　原文：Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. 社會學家基于感情紐帶與工具紐帶的特征對兩者進行了區(qū)分定義并劃分出兩種類型的群組：主要群組和次要群組。

　　強化記憶：

　　The sociologist has a habit of scratching his back. 那個社會學家有抓背的的習慣。

　　The sociologist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nation’s standards. 這個社會學家認為平民社會會降低國家的素質。