托福核心詞匯：Water in the Desert

　　Annual 每年的

　　原文：An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. 通常一年以內降雨次數(shù)少于4次是定義沙漠的限定條件。

　　強化記憶：

　　The kind of plant is a hardy annual. 這種植物是耐寒的一年生植物。

　　His essay is copied from a college annual. 他的論文是從一本大學年刊上抄下來的。

　　Exogenous外生的;外流河

　　原文：These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. 這些河流被稱作和所在的流域因為河的源頭在干旱地區(qū)以外而被稱為“外流河”。

　　強化記憶：

　　Disorders of old age are generally not exogenous. 老年疾病通常都不是起于外因的。

　　Changes of government can be regarded as exogenous events too. 政府重組同樣可被看作是一外援事件。

　　Sustain 維持;支持

　　原文：They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. 他們對于全世界沙漠地區(qū)的生命的存活至關重要。

　　強化記憶：

　　During the war we had just enough food to sustain us. 戰(zhàn)爭期間，我們的食物僅夠維持生活。

　　These four posts sustain the entire building. 這四根柱子支撐著整座建筑物。

　　Silt 淤泥;泥沙

　　原文：For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. 幾個世紀以來，尼羅河每年都會定期泛濫。舉個例子，幼發(fā)拉底河和底格里斯河都會把大量的肥沃的泥沙和水源帶給下游低洼地帶的居民。

　　強化記憶：

　　The water contains fine silt. 水里含有細泥沙。

　　The river deposited silt at its mouth. 河口沉積了淤泥。

　　Intervention干涉;介入

　　原文：Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. 現(xiàn)在，河水的流量越來越多的受到人類的干涉，產(chǎn)生了國際性的河流流域的協(xié)議。

　　強化記憶：

　　The incident was used as a pretext for intervention in the area. 這次事件成了干涉那個地區(qū)的借口。

　　The government’s intervention in this dispute will not help. 政府對這場爭論的干預不會起作用。

　　Drastically 劇烈地;顯著地

　　原文：The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq. 阿卡杜克水壩以及其他一些建在土耳其境內的大壩就極大的減少了幼發(fā)拉底河的徑流量，潛移默化的給敘利亞河和伊拉克造成了嚴重的后果。

　　強化記憶：

　　Next year’s budget will have to be drastically pruned. 下一年度的預算將大幅度消減。(prune減少)

　　Social work services have been cut back drastically. 社會工作服務已經(jīng)大大減少了。

　　Endogenous 內流河;內生的

　　原文：Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." 通常發(fā)源地在干旱地區(qū)的河流和溪水被稱為“內流河”。

　　強化記憶：

　　Every model includes exogenous and also endogenous variables which must be estimated. 每一個模型都包括需要估計的外生變量和內生變量。

　　Endogenous rhythm 內在周律

　　Endogenous metabolism 內新陳代謝

　　Basaltic 玄武巖的

　　原文：Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. 玄武巖石也提供源頭水，比較著名的就是約旦和敘利亞交接的Jabal Al-Arab.

　　強化記憶：

　　Basaltic is the commonest volcanic rock. 玄武巖是最普通的火山巖。

　　Basaltic magma is fluid. 玄武巖巖漿是流動的。

　　Evaporate 蒸發(fā)

　　原文：Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. 內流河通常都不會到達大海而是注入內陸的低地的同時蒸發(fā)或者消失在地表。

　　強化記憶：

　　If you heat the water, it will evaporate. 你要是把水加熱，水會蒸發(fā)的。

　　He was afraid his savings would evaporate overnight. 他擔心他的儲蓄隔夜就蒸發(fā)了。

　　Hydrological 水文學的

　　原文：But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle不過只有一小部分地下水參與了河流的水循環(huán)。

　　強化記憶：

　　In this system, the mode of hydrological information transmission is very important. 水情信息的傳輸方式是該系統(tǒng)的重要部分。

　　The correct method of prevention and control should naturally start with the improvement of the hydrological environment. 正確的防治辦法，自然應該從改善水文環(huán)境入手。

　　Extraction 抽出;拔出;血統(tǒng)

　　原文：The United Nations Environment Programmer and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. 美國國家環(huán)境總署和世界銀行開始撥款嘗試調查統(tǒng)計干旱地區(qū)的地下水資源并發(fā)展合適的開采技術。

　　強化記憶：

　　The local economy is overwhelmingly dependent on oil and gas extraction. 當?shù)亟?jīng)濟過于依賴石油和天然氣的開采。

　　He married a young lady of Indian extraction. 他娶了一位年輕的印度裔女子。

　　Conglomerate 礫石;凝結

　　原文：Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. 因為沉積巖的多孔性，比如砂巖和礫巖，都是地下水的重要潛在源頭。

　　強化記憶：

　　Sandstone and conglomerate are the consolidated equivalent of sand and gravel. 砂巖和礫巖分別是砂和礫石固結的產(chǎn)物。

　　Tap開發(fā);發(fā)掘;水龍頭

　　原文：The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwater has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. 在印度平原，流動的含鹽地下水在開發(fā)了70年以后依舊不能達到平靜。

　　強化記憶：

　　Connect the hose to the tap and turn on the tap. 把水管接在龍頭上，打開水龍頭。

　　Is the tap water safe to drink? 喝這自來水安全嗎?

　　Equilibrium平靜;均衡

　　原文：The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwater has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. 在印度平原，流動的含鹽地下水在開發(fā)了70年以后依舊不能達到平靜。

　　強化記憶：

　　For the economy to be in equilibrium, income must equal expenditure. 經(jīng)濟要達到平衡，收支必須平衡。

　　Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium. 我們周圍世界的變化擾亂了我們內心的平靜。

　　Saline 鹽的;含鹽的

　　原文：The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwater has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. 在印度平原，流動的含鹽地下水在開發(fā)了70年以后依舊不能達到平靜。

　　強化記憶：

　　He is on a saline drip. 他正在輸鹽水。

　　Wash the lenses in saline solution. 用鹽溶液清洗鏡片。