托福寫作金牌詞匯一覽

　　1 完整性：句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意義完整;

　　2 連貫性：句子各部分之間以及句子之間的關(guān)系緊密、協(xié)調(diào)，前后意思連貫，思想表達(dá)清楚有序;

　　3 簡潔性：言簡意賅;

　　4 多樣性：包括詞匯多樣性和句子多樣性。

　　以上四要素中，前三個(gè)要素是前提和基礎(chǔ)，比較容易做到;多樣性是對(duì)前三個(gè)要素的升華，是作文閃光點(diǎn)的核心和關(guān)鍵所在

　　托福詞匯多樣性：

　　詞匯貧乏之中國學(xué)生英語作文的通病。整篇作文一個(gè)詞用到底，從不作任何變化：一遇到“改變/變化”就是change，“影響”就是effect，“流行”就是popular，“認(rèn)為”就是think;每逢“因?yàn)?rdquo;就是because，“意識(shí)到”就是realize，“想到”就是think of，等等。其實(shí)英語詞匯很豐富的，同一個(gè)意思可以由很多不同的方式表達(dá)，如：

　　改變：change，modify，alter，shift，fashion，transform，convert

　　變化：change，vary，convert，fluctuate，oscillate

　　保護(hù)：protect，conserve，safeguard

　　保存：save，preserve，conserve，keep，store

　　影響：effect，influence，impact，infection

　　流行：popular，prevalent， prevailing，current，common，universal

　　認(rèn)為：think，believe，hold，argue，maintain，deem，opine，reckon，figure

　　意識(shí)到：realize，be aware of/that，be awake to，understand，it/sth. dawns on sb.

　　想到：think of，come up with，occur to/strike sb.，come to，remind，suggest

　　看作：regard …as…，look on/consider/view/see/take…as…

　　應(yīng)該：should，ought to，it is/would be better，it is advisable to

　　因?yàn)椋篵ecause，since，as，for，because of，owing to，thanks to，due to，as a result of，in virtue of，on account of，with，from，at，of

　　關(guān)于：about，on，with regard to，as regards，concerning，relating to

　　因此：so，therefore，thus，accordingly，consequently，hence，thereby

　　然而：however，nevertheless，nonetheless，whereas，though，still，yet

　　另外：moreover，in addition，besides，furthermore，one more thing

　　不同：different，difference，differ，vary from…to…，conflicting，diverse，diversified，various，a variety of

　　吸引人的：attractive，appealing，taking，inviting，tempting，fascinating，charming，alluring， glamorous， absorbing， enticing

　　句子多樣性

　　單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長度相近的句子使作文呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生動(dòng)性和說服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)則使作文語言生動(dòng)，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

　　長短句變換：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句交替運(yùn)用

　　長句準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)，長于說明推理;短句簡潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動(dòng)作，表明主旨，總結(jié)歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長，在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，交替使用簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，以達(dá)到“段間長短不一，全篇句式萬千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恒的新鮮感。

　　結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化：我們學(xué)過非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(包括不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu))，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，特殊否定結(jié)構(gòu)，it結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中或作主語、賓語，或作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語，或作定語修飾名詞，或作狀語表示條件、原因、讓步、時(shí)間、方式、目的、結(jié)果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡化大部分英語從句，產(chǎn)生語言簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣的效果，請看下列轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)例：

　　名詞從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. That John won the marathon surprised us.

　　John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.

　　2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.

　　I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.

　　定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

　　2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

　　3. The next train that arrives is from New York.

　　狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

　　2. When they are heated metals expand.

　　(When) Heated, metals expand.

　　3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.

　　…in order for the audience to understand me.

　　5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.

　　United, we stand; divided, we fail.

　　6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.

　　無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點(diǎn)，原因就在于由于漢語寫作慣性，中國學(xué)生很少能想到使用該結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上是SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的省略，包括形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(即同位結(jié)構(gòu))和介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，往往放在句子開頭，以逗號(hào)同主句隔開，表示原因、條件、讓步、補(bǔ)充說明，伴隨狀況等意義。請看下列例子：

　　形容詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)

　　2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨狀語)

　　3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)

　　4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)

　　5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)

　　名詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人)， Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語)

　　7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)

　　8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)

　　介詞無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)

　　9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)

　　10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)

　　由于寫作慣性，同學(xué)們寫英語作文時(shí)，很可能不會(huì)想到上述結(jié)構(gòu)，而是寫成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫成：

　　1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.

　　2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.

　　相比之下不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)比分句效果更好，更地道，更簡練，同時(shí)又豐富了作文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅讓讀者和閱卷老師為之眼前一亮!

　　主語多樣化：中國人習(xí)慣于用人稱主語，而英語中則常用無靈主語

　　(inanimate subject)，即無生命的事物作主語，如：

　　1.The last two decades has witnessed earth-shaking changes in China.

　　中國在過去的二十年中發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。

　　2 A strange peace came over her when she was alone.

　　她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。

　　3 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.

　　由于我近來事務(wù)繁忙，沒能給于及早回復(fù)，對(duì)此我表示深深的歉意。

　　4 The smallest excuse would have served.

　　其實(shí)，你隨便找個(gè)哪怕最小的借口就可以了。

　　5 That night sleep eluded me.

　　那天晚上我徹夜未眠。

　　開頭多樣化：開頭除了使用主語外，還可以用各種各樣的結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1 An expert in forest fire control, the forest ranger talked to the campers about safety in the woods.同位語

　　2 Angry, Mr. Boyd began to defend his reputation with strong arguments.形容詞短語

　　3 Tired and dirty, the boys returned to the camp.形容詞短語

　　4 Jogging every day, I soon increased my energy level.現(xiàn)在分詞短語

　　5 Troubled by a dream, Tim woke up with a start.過去分詞

　　6 To succeed in that course, you must attend every class.不定式短語

　　7 In the scientific laboratory, Madame Curie was an industrious worker.介詞短語

　　8 Because he was tired and discouraged, he did not want to rewrite the paper.原因狀語句

　　9 What you impulsively do in haste you may regret( )in leisure.賓語從句提前

　　運(yùn)用修辭手法：排比;對(duì)偶

　　1. I came, I saw, I conquered. 我來了，我看了，我征服(凱撒大帝語)

　　2. He was well-known, well-respected, and well-loved.

　　3. The proof of gold is fire; the proof of woman, gold; the proof of man, a woman.火可以檢驗(yàn)真金，金子可以檢驗(yàn)女人，而女人可以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)腥恕?/p>

　　4. Government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.這個(gè)民有、民主、民享的政府永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)從地球上消失

　　5. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (摘自馬丁?路德?金的著名演說I Have a Dream)

　　6. The power of French literature is in its prose writers; the power of English literature is in its poets.法國文學(xué)長于散文;英國文學(xué)優(yōu)于詩歌。

　　7. A long journey tests a horse’s strength; a long acquaintance shows a man’s heart. 路遙知馬力，日久見人心。

　　以上例句中，前五個(gè)運(yùn)用排比修辭格，節(jié)奏優(yōu)美，語勢強(qiáng)烈，感染力強(qiáng);后兩句運(yùn)用這些的秘訣可以稱為金科玉律(Golden Rules)，卻一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜，我敢肯定對(duì)偶修辭格，言簡意賅，意義雋永。掌握了上述方法將會(huì)讓你的托福作文大放異彩。