領(lǐng)悟權(quán)力：為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)立傳

Robert Caro’s Big Dig

領(lǐng)悟權(quán)力：為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)立傳

Robert Caro probably knows more about power, political power especially, than anyone who has never had some. He has never run for any sort of office himself and would probably have lost if he had. He’s a shy, soft-spoken man with old–fashioned manners and an old-fashioned New York accent (he says “toime” instead of “time” and “foine” instead of fine), so self-conscious that talking about himself makes him squint a little. The idea of power, or of powerful people, seems to repel him as much as it fascinates. And yet Caro has spent virtually his whole adult life studying power and what can be done with it, first in the case of Robert Moses, the great developer and urban planner, and then in the case of Lyndon Johnson, whose biography he has been writing for close to 40 years. Caro can tell you exactly how Moses heedlessly rammed the Cross Bronx Expressway through a middle-class neighborhood, displacing thousands of families, and exactly how Johnson stole the Texas Senate election of 1948, winning by 87 spurious votes. These stories still fill him with outrage but also with something like wonder, the two emotions that sustain him in what amounts to a solitary, Dickensian occupation with long hours and few holidays.

相較于其他同樣從未掌權(quán)的人，羅伯特·卡羅(Robert Caro)或許最了解權(quán)力，尤其是政治權(quán)力。他本人從未競(jìng)選任何公職，即使參與也很可能落敗。他性格害羞、言語(yǔ)輕柔，遵守老派禮儀，說(shuō)話帶有老派紐約腔(他將“time”發(fā)音成“toime”，“fine”發(fā)音為“foine”)，他愛(ài)難為情，談及自身的時(shí)候目光有點(diǎn)兒游移。權(quán)力的概念，或者是當(dāng)權(quán)者的概念，吸引他的程度與使其厭惡的程度不相上下。然而，卡羅還是花費(fèi)了幾乎整個(gè)的成年時(shí)期來(lái)研究權(quán)力，以及權(quán)力的用場(chǎng)。他一開(kāi)始的研究對(duì)象是地產(chǎn)商和城市規(guī)劃大師羅伯特·摩西(Robert Moses)，然后是林登·約翰遜(Lyndon Johnson)，后者的傳記他已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了近四十年?？_能夠精確地描述，摩西如何不顧一切，強(qiáng)行讓跨布朗克斯高速公路(Cross Bronx Expressway)穿越一個(gè)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)社區(qū)，使得數(shù)千家庭流離失所。他也能夠精確地描述，林登·約翰遜如何通過(guò)87張偽造的選票，在1948年的得克薩斯州州參議員選舉中篡取勝利。這些故事仍使他義憤填膺，但也讓他感到某種驚奇。憤怒和驚奇的雙重情感，支撐著他從事一份狄更斯式的孤獨(dú)職業(yè)，焚膏繼晷、鮮有停歇。

Caro is the last of the 19th-century biographers, the kind who believe that the life of a great or powerful man deserves not just a slim volume, or even a fat one, but a whole shelf full. He dresses every day in a jacket and tie and reports to a 22nd-floor office in a nondescript building near Columbus Circle, where his neighbors are lawyers or investment firms. His office looks as if it belongs to the kind of C.P.A. who still uses ledgers and a hand-cranked adding machine. There are an old wooden desk, wooden file cabinets and a maroon leather couch that never gets sat on. Here Caro writes the old-fashioned way: in longhand, on large legal pads.

卡羅是最后一個(gè)十九世紀(jì)風(fēng)格的傳記作家，他認(rèn)為偉大人物和當(dāng)權(quán)人物的傳記，不能用薄薄一冊(cè)來(lái)打發(fā)，甚至一冊(cè)大部頭也不行，得填滿整個(gè)書(shū)架。他每天穿西裝打領(lǐng)帶，去哥倫布圓形廣場(chǎng)旁邊一幢不起眼辦公樓的22層辦公室報(bào)到，與律師和投資公司為鄰。他的辦公室看起來(lái)像是屬于一位注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師，還使用賬簿和手搖計(jì)算器的那種。辦公室內(nèi)擺放著一張舊木桌，幾個(gè)木質(zhì)檔案柜和一張栗色皮沙發(fā)，從來(lái)都沒(méi)人坐在那上面。就在這間辦公室里，卡羅用老派的方式寫(xiě)作：手寫(xiě)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件夾白紙上。

Caro began “The Years of Lyndon Johnson,” his multivolume biography of the 36th president, in 1976, not long after finishing “The Power Broker,” his immense, Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Moses, and figured he could do Johnson’s life in three volumes, which would take him six years or so. Next month, a fourth installment, “The Passage of Power,” will appear 10 years after the last, “Master of the Senate,” which came out 12 years after its predecessor, “Means of Ascent,” which in turn was published 8 years after the first book, “The Path to Power.” These are not ordinary-size volumes, either. “Means of Ascent,” at 500 pages or so, is the comparative shrimp of the bunch. “The Path to Power” is almost 900 pages long; “Master of the Senate” is close to 1,200, or nearly as long as the previous two combined. If you try to read or reread them all in just a couple weeks, as I foolishly did not long ago, you find yourself reluctant to put them down but also worried that your eyeballs may fall out.

卡羅從1976年開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作多卷本傳記《林登·約翰遜時(shí)代》(The Years of Lyndon Johnson)，傳主曾任美國(guó)第36屆總統(tǒng)。在那之前不久，他剛寫(xiě)完摩西的傳記《權(quán)力掮客》(The Power Broker)，這本規(guī)模宏大的傳記贏得了普利策獎(jiǎng)?？_當(dāng)時(shí)認(rèn)為，他可以用大約六年的時(shí)間，用三卷本寫(xiě)完約翰遜的一生。下個(gè)月(譯者注，2012年5 月)，該書(shū)的第四卷《權(quán)力通道》(The Passage of Power)，將在第三卷《議院大師》(Master of the Senate)出版十年之后面世，第二卷《升遷之道》(Means of Ascent)則在第三卷的十二年前出版，第一卷《權(quán)力起始》(The Path to Power)又比第二卷早了八年。它們的容量也絕不普通?！渡w之道》大約500頁(yè)厚，是其中相對(duì)較薄的一本?！稒?quán)力起始》幾近900頁(yè);《議院大師》接近1200頁(yè)，幾乎是前兩卷長(zhǎng)度之和。如果你像我不久之前一樣，傻兮兮地試圖幾周之內(nèi)讀完或重讀全部四卷，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不忍釋卷，同時(shí)又擔(dān)心眼珠子看得掉出來(lái)。

The new book, an excerpt of which recently ran in The New Yorker, is 736 pages long and covers only about six years. It begins in 1958, with Johnson, so famously decisive and a man of action, dithering as he decides whether or not to run in the 1960 presidential election. The book then describes his loss to Kennedy on the first ballot at the Democratic convention and takes him through the miserable, humiliating years of his vice presidency before devoting almost half its length to the 47 days between Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963 (Caro’s account, told from Johnson’s point of view, is the most riveting ever) and the State of the Union address the following January — a period during which Johnson seizes the reins of power and, in breathtakingly short order, sets in motion much of the Great Society legislation.

最新的這一卷厚達(dá)736頁(yè)，僅涵蓋了約摸六年的時(shí)間跨度。《紐約客》雜志(The New Yorker)最近刊登了其中的節(jié)選。本書(shū)始于1958年，彼時(shí)，以果敢和實(shí)干聞名的約翰遜，在決定是否要參與1960年總統(tǒng)選舉時(shí)躑躅不前。書(shū)中接著描述了，在當(dāng)年的民主黨全國(guó)代表大會(huì)的首輪投票中，約翰遜如何輸給了肯尼迪，隨后的副總統(tǒng)生涯悲慘而羞辱。本書(shū)最后把幾乎一半的篇幅貢獻(xiàn)給一個(gè)47天的歷史時(shí)段，始于1963年11月肯尼迪遇刺(卡羅對(duì)刺殺事件的敘述，是從約翰遜的角度來(lái)寫(xiě)的，堪稱(chēng)史上最扣人心弦)，終于次年1月的國(guó)情咨文演講。在這47天里，約翰遜牢牢抓住了權(quán)力的韁繩，并以驚人的速度將“偉大社會(huì)”(Great Society)的大部分立法付諸行動(dòng)。

In other words, Caro’s pace has slowed so that he is now spending more time writing the years of Lyndon Johnson than Johnson spent living them, and he isn’t close to being done yet. We have still to read about the election of 1964, the Bobby Baker and Walter Jenkins scandals, Vietnam and the decision not to run for a second term. The Johnson whom most of us remember (and many of us marched in the streets against) — the stubborn, scowling Johnson, with the big jowls, the drooping elephant ears and the gallbladder scar — is only just coming into view.

換種說(shuō)法，卡羅放慢節(jié)奏，花費(fèi)比約翰遜生活的歲月更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，來(lái)書(shū)寫(xiě)同時(shí)段的歷史，而且他離結(jié)束還相差甚遠(yuǎn)。未來(lái)我們還將讀到1964年的總統(tǒng)大選、博比·貝克(Bobby Baker)和沃爾特·詹金斯(Walter Jenkins)的丑聞、越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以及約翰遜不謀求連任的決定。我們中間大多數(shù)人記憶中的約翰遜(以及許多人曾經(jīng)的抗議對(duì)象)——固執(zhí)己見(jiàn)、愁眉不展，有著大下巴、下垂的招風(fēng)耳和膽囊手術(shù)留下的疤痕——剛剛才開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)。

Johnson, who all along predicted an early end for himself, died at 64. Caro is already 76, in excellent health after a scary bout with pancreatitis in 2004. He says that the reason “The Passage of Power” took so long is that he was at the same time researching the rest of the story, and that he can wrap it all up, with reasonable dispatch, in just one more volume. That’s what he said the last time, after finishing “Master of the Senate.” (He also thought he could finish “The Power Broker” in nine months or so. It took him seven years, during which he and his wife, Ina, went broke.) Robert Gottlieb, who signed up Caro to do “The Years of Lyndon Johnson” when he was editor in chief of Knopf, has continued to edit all of Caro’s books, even after officially leaving the company (he also excerpted Volume 2 at The New Yorker when he was editor in chief there). Not long ago he said he told Caro: “Let’s look at this situation actuarially. I’m now 80, and you are 75. The actuarial odds are that if you take however many more years you’re going to take, I’m not going to be here.” Gottlieb added, “The truth is, Bob doesn’t really need me, but he thinks he does.”

約翰遜一直預(yù)測(cè)自己活不長(zhǎng)，最終卒于64歲?？_已經(jīng)76歲了，2004年一次可怕的胰腺炎發(fā)作之后，一直健康狀況良好。他說(shuō)，《權(quán)力通道》之所以寫(xiě)了這么久，是因?yàn)樗瑫r(shí)在為后來(lái)發(fā)生的事做研究，這樣他就能在合理的時(shí)間范圍之內(nèi)，只用一卷的篇幅，將整個(gè)系列結(jié)束。上回他寫(xiě)完《議院大師》后也是這么說(shuō)的。(他還曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為自己可以用大約九個(gè)月的時(shí)間寫(xiě)完《權(quán)力掮客》，結(jié)果花費(fèi)了七年時(shí)間，其間他和妻子艾娜(Ina)破了產(chǎn)。)羅伯特·戈特利布 (Robert Gottlieb)，曾任克諾夫(Knopf)出版社的主編，當(dāng)時(shí)與卡羅簽約出版《林登·約翰遜時(shí)代》。正式離開(kāi)該出版社后，他仍然繼續(xù)編輯卡羅所有的著作(擔(dān)任《紐約客》主編時(shí)，他也曾摘錄刊登了該書(shū)的第二卷)。不久之前，他說(shuō)他曾經(jīng)告訴卡羅：“我們來(lái)掐算一下吧。我現(xiàn)在80歲，你也75歲了。計(jì)算之后的幾率是，不管你再花多少年把書(shū)寫(xiě)完，我都將不在人世了。”戈特利布補(bǔ)充道，“實(shí)情是，鮑勃(譯者注，Bob是Robert的昵稱(chēng))并不需要我，但他自己認(rèn)為需要。”

In his years of working on Johnson, Robert Caro has come to know him better — or to understand him better — than Johnson knew or understood himself. He knows Johnson’s good side and his bad: how he became the youngest Senate majority leader in history and how, by whispering one thing in the ears of the Southern senators and another in Northern ears, he got the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through a Congress that had squelched every civil rights bill since 1875; how he fudged his war record and earned himself a medal by doing nothing more than taking a single plane ride; how, while vice president during the Cuban missile crisis, his hawkishness scared the daylights out of President Kennedy and his brother Robert. Caro has learned about Johnson’s rages, his ruthlessness, his lies, his bribes, his insecurities, his wheedling, his groveling, his bluster, his sycophancy, his charm, his kindness, his streak of compassion, his friends, his enemies, his girlfriends, his gofers and bagmen, his table manners, his drinking habits, even his nickname for his penis: not Johnson, but Jumbo.

常年研究約翰遜，羅伯特·卡羅便對(duì)他越來(lái)越了解，也越來(lái)越理解，甚至超過(guò)了約翰遜對(duì)自己的了解和理解程度。他深知約翰遜的好壞兩面：他如何成為歷史上最年輕的參議院多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖，如何用兩面派的方法分別唬住南北方的參議員，讓一個(gè)粉碎了1875年以來(lái)所有民權(quán)提案的國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了《1957年民權(quán)法案》 (Civil Rights Act of 1957); 他如何捏造自己的參戰(zhàn)記錄，僅憑一次飛行就贏得了一枚勛章;作為古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)時(shí)期的副總統(tǒng)，他的鷹派立場(chǎng)如何將肯尼迪總統(tǒng)和總統(tǒng)的弟弟羅伯特嚇得六神無(wú)主?？_已熟知約翰遜的狂暴、他的無(wú)情、他的謊言、他的賄賂、他的不安全感、他的蜜語(yǔ)哄騙、他的屈膝討好、他的危言恫嚇、他的溜須拍馬、他的魅力、他的友善、他的同情傾向、他的朋友、他的敵人、他的女友、他的雜役和贓款中間人、他的餐桌禮儀、他的飲酒習(xí)慣，甚至是他為自己私處所起的綽號(hào)：不是小弟弟(譯者注，Johnson在美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)里有男性生殖器的意思)，而是老大哥(Jumbo)。

古怪的編輯和作家關(guān)系

This kind of knowledge does not come easily or cheaply. Caro has taken so long with Johnson that his agent, Lynn Nesbit, no longer remembers how many times she has renegotiated his contract; his publishing house has had two editors in chief, and no one there worries much about his deadlines any longer. The books come along when they come along. “I’m not a charity case,” Caro pointed out to me last month when I remarked on how Knopf had stuck by him all these years. It’s true that the Johnson volumes have been glowingly reviewed (“The Path to Power” and “Means of Ascent” both won the National Book Critics Circle Award and “Master of the Senate” won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award) and that each of them has been a best seller, but it’s also true that they turn up so infrequently that Caro can hardly be thought of as a brand name. “Are the books profitable?” Sonny Mehta, Knopf’s current head, who took over the Johnson project — enthusiastically — after Gottlieb’s departure in 1987, said last month. He paused for a moment. “They will be,” he answered finally, “because there is nothing like them.”

這樣的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備來(lái)之不易、代價(jià)不菲。卡羅書(shū)寫(xiě)約翰遜的時(shí)間十分漫長(zhǎng)，他的經(jīng)紀(jì)人林恩·內(nèi)斯比特(Lynn Nesbit)都不記得重新談過(guò)多少次他的合同了。他的出版社已經(jīng)換過(guò)兩任主編，沒(méi)人再為他的交稿期限擔(dān)什么心。該面世的時(shí)候，書(shū)自然就會(huì)寫(xiě)好。“我可不是他們的救濟(jì)對(duì)象，”上個(gè)月(譯者注，2012年3月)，我談到多年來(lái)克諾夫出版社和卡羅綁在了一起時(shí)，他強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。確實(shí)，約翰遜的傳記受到評(píng)論界的熱烈追捧(《權(quán)力起始》和《升遷之道》都贏得了美國(guó)全國(guó)書(shū)評(píng)獎(jiǎng)(National Book Critics Circle Award)，《議院大師》贏得了普利策獎(jiǎng)和美國(guó)全國(guó)圖書(shū)獎(jiǎng)(National Book Award))，本本都是暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)。但是，卷與卷之間的時(shí)間間隔太過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)，卡羅并沒(méi)有成為家喻戶曉的名字，這也是事實(shí)。“這些書(shū)盈利嗎?”上個(gè)月(譯者注，2012年3月)，克諾夫出版社的現(xiàn)任老板桑尼·梅塔(Sonny Mehta)這樣問(wèn)道。 1987年戈特利布離開(kāi)公司之后，他滿腔熱情地接手了約翰遜傳記項(xiàng)目。他停頓了一會(huì)兒，最后這樣回答，“它們會(huì)盈利的，因?yàn)樗鼈儫o(wú)與倫比。”

Gottlieb is more philosophical. “So what if at the end of 45 years it turns out we lost money by one kind of accounting?” he said. “Think of what he has given us, what he has added. How do you weigh that?”

戈特利布的回答更有哲學(xué)意味。“假如45年之后，某種會(huì)計(jì)方法得出的結(jié)論是我們虧了，那又有什么關(guān)系呢?”他說(shuō)。“想想他給我們留下的東西、給歷史增加的注腳。你怎么衡量這些東西?”

The two Bobs, Gottlieb and Caro, have an odd editorial relationship, almost as contentious as it is mutually admiring. They still debate, for example, or pretend to, how many words Gott­lieb cut from “The Power Broker.” It was 350,000 — or the equivalent of two or three full-size books — and Caro still regrets nearly every one. “There were things cut out of ‘The Power Broker’ that should not have been cut out,” he said to me sadly one day, showing me his personal copy of the book, dog-eared and broken-backed, filled with underlining and corrections written in between the lines. Caro is a little like Balzac, who kept fussing over his books even after they were published.

戈特利布和卡羅，兩個(gè)鮑勃有一種古怪的編輯和作家之間的關(guān)系。他們互相敬仰，同時(shí)又爭(zhēng)論不休，兩者的程度不相上下。比方說(shuō)，關(guān)于戈特利布從《權(quán)力掮客》里砍掉了多少字?jǐn)?shù)，他們還在爭(zhēng)個(gè)沒(méi)完，或者說(shuō)是假裝如此。這個(gè)數(shù)字達(dá)到了35萬(wàn)，相當(dāng)于兩三本普通容量的書(shū)籍，而且卡羅仍然為其中幾乎每一個(gè)字感到遺憾。有一天，他悲傷地對(duì)我說(shuō)：“《權(quán)力掮客》里有些內(nèi)容本不該被刪減。”他給我看他私人的版本，書(shū)頁(yè)卷邊、書(shū)脊彎折，處處勾畫(huà)重點(diǎn)，字里行間寫(xiě)滿訂正的內(nèi)容?？_有點(diǎn)兒像巴爾扎克，會(huì)不停地折騰自己的著作，出版了也不消停。

Gottlieb and Caro also have slightly different accounts of how the Johnson project came about in the first place. Caro’s original contract called for him to write a biography of Fiorello LaGuardia, the former New York City mayor, after finishing Moses. Gottlieb says that in 1974, when Caro came in to talk about that project, he told him: “It’s a mistake. There were two gods in my house in the ’30s and ’40s: F.D.R. and LaGuardia. But LaGuardia is a dead end, an anomaly. He doesn’t come from anything, and nothing followed from him. I think you should write about Lyndon Johnson.” Turning to me and shaking his head he added: “You have to understand, I knew nothing about Lyndon Johnson and didn’t care about Lyndon Johnson, and it never crossed my mind until that moment that was what Bob should do. It was one of the inexplicable great moments, because it came out of nowhere.”

關(guān)于約翰遜傳記計(jì)劃的由頭，戈特利布和卡羅的解釋也有微小的差別。根據(jù)原來(lái)的合同，寫(xiě)完摩西之后，卡羅應(yīng)該為紐約前市長(zhǎng)菲奧雷洛·拉瓜迪亞 (Fiorello LaGuardia)立傳。戈特利布說(shuō)，1974年，卡羅來(lái)談這一計(jì)劃的時(shí)候，他告訴卡羅：“寫(xiě)拉瓜迪亞會(huì)是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。三四十年代，我們家曾有兩個(gè)上帝：羅斯福和拉瓜迪亞。但拉瓜迪亞是個(gè)死胡同，一個(gè)異類(lèi)。他前無(wú)師承，后無(wú)來(lái)者。我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該寫(xiě)林登·約翰遜。”說(shuō)到這里，他轉(zhuǎn)向我，搖著頭，接著說(shuō)：“你得明白，我對(duì)林登·約翰遜一無(wú)所知、毫無(wú)興趣，從未想到過(guò)他，但那一刻，我突然覺(jué)得鮑勃應(yīng)該為他立傳。那是一個(gè)無(wú)法解釋的偉大時(shí)刻，因?yàn)樗鼇?lái)得莫名其妙。”

Caro says that he had already made up his mind that Johnson, who had only recently died, should be his next subject, partly because he didn’t want to write about New York again, but he listened quietly to Gottlieb. “I always felt that I increased my advance by a substantial amount by just sitting there not saying ‘That’s what I want to do,’ ” he told me.

卡羅卻說(shuō)，他那時(shí)已經(jīng)決定，下個(gè)書(shū)寫(xiě)對(duì)象應(yīng)該是不久前去世的約翰遜，部分原因在于他不想再寫(xiě)跟紐約相關(guān)的主題，不過(guò)他沒(méi)有說(shuō)話，只是靜靜地聽(tīng)戈特利布講出來(lái)。“我總是覺(jué)得，只坐在那兒，不說(shuō)出來(lái)‘那正是我想做的事’，就能大大增加預(yù)付稿酬的數(shù)目。”他告訴我。

Gottlieb and Caro argue about length, but they also argue about prose, even about punctuation. “You know that insane old expression, ‘The quality of his defect is the defect of his quality,’ or something like that?” Gottlieb asked me. “That’s really true of Bob. What makes him such a genius of research and reliability is that everything is of exactly the same importance to him. The smallest thing is as consequential as the biggest. A semicolon matters as much as, I don’t know, whether Johnson was gay. But unfortunately, when it comes to English, I have those tendencies, too, and we could go to war over a semicolon. That’s as important to me as who voted for what law.”

戈特利布和卡羅爭(zhēng)論的話題不光是書(shū)稿的長(zhǎng)度，還包括文字，甚至是標(biāo)點(diǎn)。“你知道那句讓人抓狂的老話嗎?怎么說(shuō)來(lái)著，‘他問(wèn)題的特性就在于他特性的問(wèn)題’?”戈特利布問(wèn)我。“鮑勃真的就是那種人。他之所以能成為一個(gè)無(wú)比可靠的研究天才，原因就是他對(duì)所有的事情一視同仁。對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，最微小的東西和最宏大的東西一樣關(guān)系重大。一個(gè)分號(hào)的重要性，我隨便說(shuō)說(shuō)，與約翰遜是否為同性戀不相上下。不幸的是，涉及到語(yǔ)言的話，我也有同樣的傾向，這樣我們就會(huì)為分號(hào)干上一仗。分號(hào)對(duì)我的重要性與誰(shuí)給什么法律投了贊成票一樣。”

Their worst battle was over the second Johnson volume, “Means of Ascent,” which is largely about the stolen Senate election of 1948. Gottlieb encouraged Caro to tell this story at length because he was fascinated by the details of local politics, but he objected, as some reviewers did, to Caro’s characterization of Johnson’s opponent in that election, Coke Stevenson, a former Texas governor, who is painted in almost heroic terms. “We went mano a mano, chin to chin, nose to nose, I so disapproved of his idealization of Coke Stevenson,” Gottlieb said. “We just about killed each other.”

他們之間最大沖突的起因是約翰遜傳記的第二卷《升遷之道》。本卷的主要內(nèi)容是1948年約翰遜騙取勝利的參議院選舉。戈特利布對(duì)地方政治的細(xì)節(jié)很感興趣，鼓勵(lì)卡羅詳細(xì)地描述此事。但是，和一些書(shū)評(píng)人一樣，他反對(duì)卡羅對(duì)約翰遜的競(jìng)選對(duì)手、得克薩斯州前州長(zhǎng)科克·史蒂文森(Coke Stevenson)進(jìn)行幾近英雄化的描繪。“我們爭(zhēng)得幾乎要廝打在一起了，我實(shí)在是不能贊同他將科克·史蒂文森理想化。”戈特利布說(shuō)。“我們都恨不得殺了對(duì)方。”

The editing of the most recent book went much more smoothly, Gottlieb said, explaining: “We both behaved better, and we really had a terrific time — maybe the first time we actually enjoyed the process. He could say, ‘I know you don’t want all this,’ and I could say, ‘How interesting that you know that!’ I think we have evolved, to the extent that we’re evolvable.” He laughed, and added: “How do these things happen? You just start in the belief that it’s all worth it, and before you know it, it’s 500 years later and you’re doing the notes on the 43rd volume.”

戈特利布說(shuō)，最新這一卷的編輯工作遠(yuǎn)比前幾卷順利。他解釋道：“我們都表現(xiàn)更好了，而且真的挺愉快的，也許這是我們第一次真正享受這一過(guò)程。他會(huì)說(shuō)，‘我知道，這些你都不想要，’然后我會(huì)說(shuō)，‘你還知道啊，真是挺有趣的!’我想我們都有所改進(jìn)，達(dá)到了各自的改進(jìn)限度。”他笑起來(lái)，接著補(bǔ)充道：“這些都是怎么發(fā)生的?你只是帶著一切都很值得的信念開(kāi)始，不知不覺(jué)之間，已經(jīng)過(guò)了五百年，而你正在給第43卷做注釋呢。”

對(duì)權(quán)力的領(lǐng)悟

There was never a plan,” Caro said to me, explaining how he had become a historian and biographer. “There was just a series of mistakes.” Caro was born in October 1935 and grew up on Central Park West at 94th Street. His father, a businessman, spoke Yiddish as well as English, but he didn’t speak either very often. He was “very silent,” Caro said, and became more so after Caro’s mother died, after a long illness, when he was 12. “It was an unusual household in that I didn’t want to be there too much,” he said, adding that though he is fond of his younger sibling, Michael, now a retired real estate manager, they don’t have the kind of relationship that most brothers do. Caro spent as much time as he could at the Horace Mann School (it was his mother’s deathbed wish that he should go there) or else on a bench in Central Park with a book. He was always writing, and even then he wrote long. His sixth-grade essays dwarfed everyone else’s. His senior thesis at Princeton — on existentialism in Hemingway — was so long, he was told, that the college’s English department subsequently instituted a rule limiting the number of pages a senior could turn in.

“從來(lái)都不是計(jì)劃使然，” 解釋自己如何成為歷史學(xué)家和傳記作家的時(shí)候，卡羅對(duì)我說(shuō)。“只有一連串的錯(cuò)誤。”卡羅出生于1935年10月，成長(zhǎng)于94街的中央公園西路。他的父親是位商人，說(shuō)意第緒語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)，但兩種都不常說(shuō)。他說(shuō)，父親“很沉默寡言”，在他12歲的時(shí)候，患病多年的母親離開(kāi)了人世，父親便更加寡言。他說(shuō)：“這個(gè)家有點(diǎn)兒怪，怪就怪在我不想在里頭待太久。”他補(bǔ)充道，盡管他一直喜愛(ài)自己的弟弟邁克爾(Michael)，但是他們之間沒(méi)有多數(shù)兄弟之間的深厚感情。邁克爾是一個(gè)地產(chǎn)經(jīng)理人，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)退了休。少時(shí)的卡羅將盡可能多的時(shí)間花費(fèi)在霍勒斯·曼學(xué)校(去該校上學(xué)是他母親的遺愿)，或者帶一本書(shū)坐在中央公園的長(zhǎng)凳上。他那時(shí)就一直在寫(xiě)作，而且寫(xiě)得洋洋灑灑。他六年級(jí)作文的長(zhǎng)度使其他同學(xué)相形見(jiàn)絀。他在普林斯頓的本科畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)的是海明威的存在主義，長(zhǎng)度驚人。后來(lái)他得知，該校的英文系隨后頒布了一條規(guī)定，限制本科論文的頁(yè)數(shù)。

Caro said he now thinks that Princeton, which he chose because of its parties, was one of his mistakes, and that he should have gone to Harvard. Princeton in the mid-’50s was hardly known for being hospitable toward Jews, and though Caro says he did not personally suffer from anti-Semitism, he saw plenty of students who did. “The way I thought of it, I wasn’t at Princeton,” he said. “I was at the newspaper and the literary magazine.” He had a sports column, “Ivy Inklings,” at The Daily Prince­tonian, where he eventually became managing editor. (The top editor, until he flunked out, was R. W. Apple Jr., later to become a legendary New York Times reporter.) He also wrote short stories, or rather, not so short ones. One of them, about a boy who gets his girlfriend pregnant, took up almost an entire issue of The Princeton Tiger, a humor and literary magazine.

卡羅說(shuō)，他因?yàn)槠樟炙诡D的派對(duì)而選擇了該校，如今他認(rèn)為這是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該去哈佛的。五十年代中期，普林斯頓對(duì)猶太人不甚友好，盡管卡羅說(shuō)他個(gè)人并沒(méi)有遭受反猶主義的折磨，但他見(jiàn)證了很多其他學(xué)生的不幸遭遇。“我看待這件事的方式是，我并不是待在普林斯頓，”他說(shuō)道：“而是待在報(bào)紙和文學(xué)雜志里。”他在《普林斯頓人日?qǐng)?bào)》(The Daily Princetonian)開(kāi)了個(gè)名為“常青藤雜談” (Ivy Inklings)的體育專(zhuān)欄，并且最終成為該報(bào)的執(zhí)行主編。(卡羅退出之前，該報(bào)的主編是小雷蒙德·沃爾特·阿普爾(R. W. Apple Jr.)，此人后來(lái)成為《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的傳奇記者。)他也寫(xiě)短篇故事，不過(guò)篇幅并不短。其中一篇講的是一個(gè)男孩使他的女友懷了孕，刊登在幽默與文學(xué)雜志《普林斯頓之虎》(The Princeton Tiger)上，幾乎塞滿了整期雜志。

It was also at Princeton that Caro met his wife, Ina, who would also become the only assistant and researcher he has ever trusted. She was 16 at the time, a high-school student from nearby Trenton, double-dating at a Hillel mixer. She spotted Caro, very good-looking to judge from photographs taken around that time, across the room and announced to her best friend, “That’s the boy I’m going to marry.” Three years later, she did, dropping out of college against her parents’ wishes, and though she went on to finish her degree, get another one (in medieval European history) and write a couple of books of her own, she has to an extent remarkable by today’s standards devoted her life to his. At the lowest point during the writing of “The Power Broker,” when Caro had run out of money and was close to despair about being able to finish, she sold their house in suburban Long Island, moved the family (the Caros have a son, Chase, who is now in the information-technology business) to an apartment in the Bronx and took a job teaching school to keep him going.

也是在普林斯頓，卡羅遇見(jiàn)了未來(lái)的妻子艾娜，她還會(huì)成為他唯一信任的助手和研究員。那時(shí)她年方二八，是來(lái)自臨近的托倫頓市的中學(xué)生，正參加一個(gè)希勒爾(譯者注，Hillel是一個(gè)世界性的猶太人校園組織)聯(lián)誼會(huì)的四人約會(huì)活動(dòng)。從彼時(shí)的照片來(lái)看，卡羅非常英俊，房間另一頭的艾娜看到了他，并對(duì)她最好的朋友說(shuō)：“我要嫁的人就是他。”三年后，她不顧父母的反對(duì)從大學(xué)退學(xué)，如愿以?xún)數(shù)丶藿o了卡羅。盡管她后來(lái)完成了學(xué)位，還得到了另一個(gè)學(xué)位(中世紀(jì)歐洲史)，自己也寫(xiě)了幾本書(shū)，但是按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，很大程度上她仍然算是將自己的生活奉獻(xiàn)給了卡羅。創(chuàng)作《權(quán)力掮客》期間，卡羅耗盡家財(cái)，對(duì)完成本書(shū)幾近絕望。艾娜便將他們長(zhǎng)島郊外的房子賣(mài)掉，帶著全家(他們育有一子，現(xiàn)在從事信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè))搬到布朗克斯的一間公寓，還找了份教師的工作，來(lái)支撐卡羅堅(jiān)持下去。

“That was a bad time, a very bad time,” Caro recalled.

“當(dāng)時(shí)很艱難，非常地艱難，”卡羅回憶道。

“I always felt that the most important thing was for Bob to be able to write,” Ina said. “Things like houses and money never meant much to me. I think they meant more to our dog,” she told me one morning in their big Upper West Side apartment, adding: “But I never thought this would be all he’d write about. I’ve always wanted him to finish a novel.” Even now, she went on, it’s hard for her to accept that Johnson will probably turn out to be the great work of their lives together. “You never think about dying,” she said. “You always think there’s going to be time.”

“我一直覺(jué)得，最重要的事情是保障鮑勃的寫(xiě)作。像房子和錢(qián)財(cái)這樣的事，對(duì)我從來(lái)都沒(méi)有多大意義，我想它們對(duì)我家的狗更重要。”某天早上，在卡羅夫婦位于紐約上西區(qū)的寬大公寓里，艾娜這樣告訴我，并補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“不過(guò)我從沒(méi)料到，傳記會(huì)是他全部的寫(xiě)作范疇。我一直想讓他寫(xiě)本小說(shuō)的。”她接著說(shuō)，即便是現(xiàn)在，她也難以接受：約翰遜傳記很可能就是他們夫婦倆一生的杰作。“你從不會(huì)想到死亡，”她說(shuō)：“總覺(jué)得還有時(shí)間。”

In order to marry, Caro needed a job. The Times offered him one as a copyboy for a salary that he now recalls as “something like $37.50 a week.” The New Brunswick Daily Home News and Sunday Times offered him $52 a week to be a reporter, and Caro took it. Another mistake, except that it led to an early lesson in power politics. The paper’s chief political writer was on leave to work for the Democratic Party in Middlesex County during an election. When he became ill, Caro took his place. He wrote speeches and did P.R. for one of the party bosses. On Election Day he rode around with this man to the polling places, and at one point they came upon the police loading some black people into a patrol wagon. “One of the cops explained that the black poll watchers had been giving them some trouble, but they had it under control,” Caro recalled. “I still think about it. It wasn’t the roughness of the police that made such an impression. It was the — meekness isn’t the right word — the acceptance of those people of what was happening. I just wanted to get out of that car, and as soon as he stopped, I did. He never called me again. He must have known how I felt.”

為了結(jié)婚，卡羅需要找份工作?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》提供了一個(gè)當(dāng)送稿勤雜工的機(jī)會(huì)，他現(xiàn)在回憶起來(lái)，薪資“大概是每周37.50美元。”《新不倫瑞克每日家政新聞暨周日時(shí)報(bào)》(The New Brunswick Daily Home News and Sunday Times)提供了一份記者的工作，周薪52美元，卡羅就去了。這又是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，唯一的好處是讓他早早地上了一堂權(quán)力政治課。該報(bào)的政治主筆在選舉期間暫時(shí)離開(kāi)，為米德?tīng)柸怂箍h的民主黨工作。他生病的時(shí)候，卡羅頂替上去。他為一位黨內(nèi)高層撰寫(xiě)演講詞，并進(jìn)行公關(guān)工作。選舉日那天，卡羅隨從此人坐車(chē)巡視各投票點(diǎn)，期間遇到警察正把一些黑人趕進(jìn)一輛巡邏車(chē)。“一位警察解釋道，這些黑人監(jiān)票員一直在惹麻煩，不過(guò)他們已經(jīng)控制住了局面，”卡羅回憶說(shuō)：“我現(xiàn)在都還在思考此事。倒不是警察的粗暴給我留下了深刻的印象，而是那些政治人物對(duì)此事的—— ‘順從’并不是精確的字眼——‘坦然接受’。當(dāng)時(shí)我只想跳出那輛車(chē)，他一停車(chē)我就跳了。他再也沒(méi)給我打過(guò)電話，肯定是知道我的感受。”

Caro had a further epiphany about power in the early ’60s. He had moved on to Newsday by then, where he discovered that he had a knack for investigative reporting, and was assigned to look into a plan by Robert Moses to build a bridge from Rye, N.Y., across Long Island Sound to Oyster Bay. “This was the world’s worst idea,” he told me. “The piers would have had to be so big that they’d disrupt the tides.” Caro wrote a series exposing the folly of this scheme, and it seemed to have persuaded just about everyone, including the governor, Nelson Rockefeller. But then, he recalled, he got a call from a friend in Albany saying, “Bob, I think you need to come up here.” Caro said: “I got there in time for a vote in the Assembly authorizing some preliminary step toward the bridge, and it passed by something like 138-4. That was one of the transformational moments of my life. I got in the car and drove home to Long Island, and I kept thinking to myself: ‘Everything you’ve been doing is baloney. You’ve been writing under the belief that power in a democracy comes from the ballot box. But here’s a guy who has never been elected to anything, who has enough power to turn the entire state around, and you don’t have the slightest idea how he got it.’ ”

六十年代早期，卡羅對(duì)權(quán)力有了進(jìn)一步的領(lǐng)悟。當(dāng)時(shí)他已跳槽到《紐約每日新聞》(Newsday)，并在那里發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己有做調(diào)查性報(bào)道的本事。他奉命去報(bào)道羅伯特·摩西的一個(gè)橋梁計(jì)劃，該橋從紐約州的拉伊市延伸到奧伊斯特貝鎮(zhèn)，橫跨長(zhǎng)島灣。“這是世界上最糟糕的主意，”他告訴我說(shuō)：“他們必須修建十分巨大的橋墩，肯定會(huì)攪亂潮汐。”卡羅寫(xiě)了一系列報(bào)道來(lái)揭露該計(jì)劃的愚蠢性，貌似已經(jīng)說(shuō)服了包括紐約州長(zhǎng)納爾遜·洛克菲勒(Nelson Rockefeller)在內(nèi)的所有人。但是，他回憶道，之后他接到了一位朋友從州府奧爾巴尼打來(lái)的電話，“鮑勃，我覺(jué)得你應(yīng)該來(lái)一趟”?？_說(shuō)：“我趕到那里，趕上州眾議院正在投票，決定是否授權(quán)啟動(dòng)橋梁計(jì)劃的一些初步措施。該動(dòng)議獲得通過(guò)，票數(shù)大概是138對(duì)4。那是我生命中的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。我坐上車(chē)開(kāi)回長(zhǎng)島的家，一直在想：‘你做的每件事都很荒謬。你相信民主制度的權(quán)力來(lái)源于投票箱，一直抱著這樣的信念寫(xiě)作。但是那個(gè)人，從來(lái)沒(méi)有當(dāng)選任何職位，卻擁有足夠的權(quán)力來(lái)將整個(gè)州玩弄于股掌之間，而你還一丁點(diǎn)兒都不明白他的權(quán)力是怎么來(lái)的。’”

The lesson was repeated in 1965, when Caro had a Nieman fellowship at Harvard and took a class in land use and urban planning. “They were talking one day about highways and where they got built,” he recalled, “and here were these mathematical formulas about traffic density and population density and so on, and all of a sudden I said to myself: ‘This is completely wrong. This isn’t why highways get built. Highways get built because Robert Moses wants them built there. If you don’t find out and explain to people where Robert Moses gets his power, then everything else you do is going to be dishonest.’ ”

同樣的教訓(xùn)在1965年再次降臨。當(dāng)時(shí)卡羅獲得了尼曼獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金(Nieman fellowship)去哈佛深造，上了一門(mén)關(guān)于土地利用和城市規(guī)劃的課程。“有一天，他們談到高速公路以及如何選址，”他回憶說(shuō)：“有一些數(shù)學(xué)公式，計(jì)算交通密度、人口密度等等，然后我突然對(duì)自己說(shuō)：‘這完全是錯(cuò)誤的。高速公路不是這樣建成的。它們?cè)谀莾菏且驗(yàn)榱_伯特·摩西就想要把它們建在那兒。如果你不去追查羅伯特·摩西的權(quán)力來(lái)源，并向人們解釋清楚，那么你做的其他事情都將是有悖良心的。’”

Caro’s obsession with power explains a great deal about the nature of his work. For one thing, it accounts in large part for the size and scope of all his books, which Caro thinks of not as conventional biographies but as studies in the working of political power and how it affects both those who have it and those who don’t. Power, or Caro’s understanding of it, also underlies his conception of character and structure. In “The Power Broker,” it’s a drug that an insatiable Moses comes to require in larger and larger doses until it transforms him from an idealist into a monster devoid of human feeling, tearing down neighborhoods, flinging out roadways and plopping down bridges just for their own sake. Running through the Johnson books are what Caro calls “two threads, bright and dark”: the first is his naked, ruthless hunger for power — “power not to improve the lives of others, but to manipulate and dominate them, to bend them to his will” — and the other is the often compassionate use he made of that power. If Caro’s Moses is an operatic character — a city-transforming Faust — his Johnson is a Shakespearean one: Richard III, Lear, Iago and Cassio all rolled into one. You practically feel Caro’s gorge rise when he describes how awful Johnson was in college, wheeling and dealing, blackmailing fellow students and sucking up to the faculty, or when he describes the vicious negative campaign Johnson waged against Coke Stevenson. But then a volume later, describing Johnson’s championing of civil rights legislation, he seems to warm to his subject all over again.

卡羅對(duì)權(quán)力的癡迷從很大程度上解釋了他作品的性質(zhì)。首先，權(quán)力占據(jù)了他著作中大部分的篇幅和內(nèi)容。卡羅認(rèn)為自己的書(shū)并不是普通的傳記，而是一些研究論文，主題是政治權(quán)力的運(yùn)行，以及它對(duì)當(dāng)權(quán)者和無(wú)權(quán)者的影響。權(quán)力，或是卡羅理解的權(quán)力，也構(gòu)成他的人物和結(jié)構(gòu)概念的基礎(chǔ)。在《權(quán)力掮客》中，權(quán)力是貪得無(wú)厭的摩西需要逐步加大劑量的春藥，一步步將他從一個(gè)理想主義者改造成一個(gè)無(wú)情的惡魔：他強(qiáng)行拆除社區(qū)、廢棄道路、抹平橋梁，只是為了摧毀，不為別的目的。通讀約翰遜傳記，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)卡羅所說(shuō)的“黑暗和光明兩條線索”：前者是約翰遜對(duì)權(quán)力赤裸無(wú)情的渴求——“不是用來(lái)改善他人生活，而是操縱和控制他人，迫使他人屈從自己的意愿”;后者是他滿懷同情地對(duì)權(quán)力的使用。如果說(shuō)卡羅筆下的摩西是位歌劇風(fēng)格的人物，一位使城市風(fēng)貌發(fā)生劇變的浮士德，那么他寫(xiě)的約翰遜則是莎士比亞式的：理查三世、李爾王、伊阿古和卡西奧的集合體。 看到卡羅筆下約翰遜在大學(xué)里的惡劣行徑，鉆營(yíng)謀取、敲詐同學(xué)、對(duì)教職工溜須拍馬，或是約翰遜丑化科克·史蒂文森的無(wú)恥選戰(zhàn)，你能真切地感受到卡羅強(qiáng)烈的厭惡。但是在下一卷書(shū)中，寫(xiě)到約翰遜擁護(hù)民權(quán)立法時(shí)，他似乎又對(duì)自己的傳主產(chǎn)生了毫無(wú)保留的好感。

In many ways, Caro’s notion of character is a romantic, idealistic one, and what fuels the books is disappointment and righteousness, almost like that of a lover betrayed. If there’s a downside to his method, it’s that anyone’s life, even yours or mine, described in Caro-esque detail, could take on epic, romantic proportions. The difference is that our lives would be epics of what it’s like not to have power, but the language would probably be the same. Caro has a bold, grand style — sometimes grandiose, his critics would say. It owes something to old-fashioned historians like Gibbon and Macaulay, even to Homer and Milton, and something to hard-hitting newspaperese. He loves epic catalogs (at the beginning of “The Power Broker” there is a long list of expressways that would not be out of place in the “Iliad” if only the Greeks and Trojans knew how to drive) and long, rolling periodic sentences, sometimes followed by emphatic, one-sentence paragraphs. He is not averse to repeating a theme or an image for dramatic effect.

從很多方面來(lái)說(shuō)，卡羅對(duì)人物的概念是浪漫化和理想化的，而推動(dòng)情節(jié)發(fā)展的則是失望和正義感，這樣的感覺(jué)幾乎類(lèi)同于一個(gè)遭到背叛的情人。如果說(shuō)他的寫(xiě)法有什么不好，就在于每個(gè)人的生活，甚至你和我，用上卡羅式的細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)，都能擁有史詩(shī)般的浪漫情調(diào)。區(qū)別僅在于，我們生活展現(xiàn)的是無(wú)權(quán)的史詩(shī);但兩者使用的語(yǔ)言則很可能完全相同?？_的風(fēng)格大膽而恢弘——他的批評(píng)者會(huì)說(shuō)，有時(shí)還太浮夸。這種風(fēng)格一部分來(lái)源于老派的歷史學(xué)家，比如吉本(Gibbon)和麥考利(Macaulay)，甚至是荷馬(Homer)和彌爾頓(Milton)，另一部分則來(lái)自強(qiáng)有力的新聞寫(xiě)作。卡羅喜愛(ài)編制宏大的名錄(《權(quán)力掮客》的開(kāi)頭有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的單子，列出了諸多高速公路的名字。假使希臘和特洛伊人懂得如何駕駛的話，這個(gè)單子放進(jìn)《伊利亞德》也不會(huì)顯得不倫不類(lèi))，使用循環(huán)押韻的長(zhǎng)句，有時(shí)還會(huì)接上一個(gè)起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用的單句段落。為達(dá)到戲劇性效果，他不惜重復(fù)主題和形象。

This is not a style ideally suited to the chaste, narrow paragraphs of The New Yorker, especially in 1974, when it serialized “The Power Broker” in four installments that were long even then, when the magazine was so flush with ads it sometimes had trouble filling all its columns. I was a proofreader at The New Yorker then, and my office was across from that of William Whitworth, the editor of the “Power Broker” excerpts. I remember him wearily shuttling back and forth, like some Balkan diplomat, between the office of William Shawn, the magazine’s editor in chief, and one that Caro was borrowing while its occupant, Howard Moss, the poetry editor, was away for the summer. Caro complained that the magazine had tampered with his prose, and he wasn’t wrong. Instead of merely lifting some excerpts from the book manuscript, as was usually done, Whitworth tried to condense the whole thing, and this entailed squeezing out great chunks of writing, running the beginning of one paragraph into the end of another, pages away. “They softened my style,” Caro says. Shawn, on the other hand, had the magazine’s standards to uphold: The New Yorker insisted on its own, sometimes fussy way of punctuating; it didn’t approve of passages that were too leggy and indirect; it didn’t approve of repetitions; and it especially didn’t approve of one-­sentence paragraphs. A description of the situation in vigorous Caro-ese might read something like this:

這種風(fēng)格并不能完美地融入《紐約客》樸實(shí)無(wú)華、段落簡(jiǎn)短的風(fēng)格，特別是在1974年的時(shí)候，該雜志被廣告淹沒(méi)，連塞下所有的專(zhuān)欄都有困難。如此景況下，他們居然分四期連載了長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的《權(quán)力掮客》節(jié)選。當(dāng)時(shí)我在《紐約客》擔(dān)任校對(duì)，辦公室在威廉·惠特沃思(William Whitworth)的對(duì)面，他負(fù)責(zé)編輯這些節(jié)選。我記得他像個(gè)出使巴爾干半島的外交官，憂心忡忡地在雜志主編威廉·肖恩(William Shawn)和卡羅的辦公室之間來(lái)回奔波。詩(shī)歌編輯霍華德·莫斯(Howard Moss)外出消夏，卡羅就借用了他的辦公室?？_抱怨說(shuō)，《紐約客》破壞了他的文字，這點(diǎn)他沒(méi)說(shuō)錯(cuò)。不同于慣常的做法，即僅從書(shū)稿中截取一些章節(jié)，惠特沃思試圖將整本書(shū)縮編出來(lái)，這樣就必須將大段的文字進(jìn)行壓縮，把某個(gè)段落的開(kāi)頭嫁接到另一段落的結(jié)尾，中間省去數(shù)頁(yè)。“他們把我的風(fēng)格柔化了，”卡羅說(shuō)。另一方面，肖恩則保持了雜志的高水準(zhǔn)：《紐約客》堅(jiān)持使用那種有點(diǎn)小題大做的標(biāo)點(diǎn)格式;不認(rèn)可太冗長(zhǎng)或者太拐彎抹角的段落;不認(rèn)可重復(fù)啰嗦;特別不認(rèn)可單句的段落。當(dāng)時(shí)的局面，如果用強(qiáng)烈的卡羅風(fēng)格來(lái)描述的話，大概會(huì)是這樣：

“In the editorial world, William Shawn was a man of immense power. He wielded it quietly, softly, almost in a whisper, but he wielded it nonetheless. Not for nothing did some of his staff members privately call him the Iron Mouse. For writers, Shawn’s long wooden desk was like a shrine, an altar, and in the passing of proofs across that brightly polished surface — pages and pages of proofs, stacks of proofs, sheaves and bundles of proofs, proofs from the fact-checkers, the lawyers, the grammarians, proofs marked with feathery hen-scratch and with bold red-pencilings — they discerned something like magic, the alchemy that renders ordinary, sublunary prose free of impurity and infuses it with an ineffable, entrancing glow, the sheen of true New Yorker style.

“在編輯的世界里，威廉·肖恩擁有無(wú)上的權(quán)力。他安靜地、輕柔地?fù)]舞權(quán)杖，幾乎悄無(wú)聲息，但他確實(shí)是在揮舞。他的員工私底下叫他“鐵老鼠” (Iron Mouse)，這不是沒(méi)有原因的。對(duì)作家們來(lái)說(shuō)，肖恩那張長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的木桌像是一間神殿、一座圣壇，劃過(guò)明亮光鮮桌面的那些清樣——一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)的清樣，一堆堆的清樣，一捆捆一扎扎的清樣，事實(shí)核對(duì)人員、律師、文法專(zhuān)家的清樣，帶有雞爪痕刺繡般輕微痕跡以及粗獷紅色鉛筆標(biāo)記的清樣——讓作家們看到了某種魔力，某種點(diǎn)石成金的能力，它能剔除庸凡文字的雜質(zhì)，讓它們煥發(fā)出一種不可言喻、引人入勝的光彩，源自正宗《紐約客》風(fēng)格的光彩。”

“But that style was not for everyone.

“但是，那種風(fēng)格并不適合所有人。”

“It was not for Robert Caro.”

“尤其不適合羅伯特·卡羅。”

The negotiations became so fraught that between the second and third installments there was a weeklong gap, unthinkable in those days, while the two sides stared each other down and it seemed that the next two parts might be scuttled. Everyone at the magazine was aghast. Caro, it turned out, was as stubborn as Shawn. Here was a 38-year-old unknown who hadn’t published a word except in newspapers. Moreover, he was broke, hardly in a position to turn his back on the biggest payday of his life so far, but alone among New Yorker contributors at the time, he dared to become a Bartleby and turn his powerlessness into a point of principle.

雙方的拉鋸十分激烈，致使第二部分節(jié)選和第三部分間隔了一周之久，這在當(dāng)時(shí)是難以想像的。雙方都毫不示弱，剩下的兩部分節(jié)選眼看就要流產(chǎn)了。雜志社的每個(gè)人都驚得目瞪口呆。事實(shí)證明，卡羅和肖恩一樣地固執(zhí)。他那時(shí)是個(gè)38歲的無(wú)名之輩，沒(méi)有在報(bào)紙之外的地方發(fā)表過(guò)任何作品。而且，他還破了產(chǎn)，根本沒(méi)資格拒絕迄今為止最大的一筆收入。但是在《紐約客》的眾多撰稿人中，當(dāng)時(shí)只有他敢于像抄寫(xiě)員巴特爾比(譯者注，19世紀(jì)美國(guó)著名作家赫爾曼·梅爾維爾 (Herman Melville)的同名短篇小說(shuō)“Bartleby the Scrivener”的主角)一樣，將無(wú)權(quán)無(wú)勢(shì)的地位轉(zhuǎn)變成堅(jiān)守原則的一種方式。

Caro now says that Shawn agreed to restore all the changes he cared most deeply about, but the magazine version nevertheless differs from the original and changes Caro’s punctuation and paragraphing. The New Yorker series is a very readable redaction of the original — and without sacrificing much essential information, easier on the attention span than the book, which requires an immense time commitment — but for better or worse, it’s not as full-throated as the original.

如今卡羅說(shuō)，肖恩同意了將他最為在意的部分恢復(fù)原狀。盡管如此，《紐約客》的版本還是與原版不同，而且改變了卡羅的標(biāo)點(diǎn)和一些段落結(jié)構(gòu)。《紐約客》的連載版本是一個(gè)可讀性很強(qiáng)的修訂本——沒(méi)有犧牲掉原文的核心信息，比起需要投入大量時(shí)間的單行本來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)集中注意力的要求更寬松——但是，無(wú)論好壞，它并不像原版那么嘹亮有力。

Whitworth, undaunted, excerpted the first volume of the Johnson biography in The Atlantic after he became editor there in 1980.

惠特沃思并未因此感到后怕，1980年他成為《大西洋月刊》(The Atlantic)的編輯之后，還曾刊登了約翰遜傳記第一卷的節(jié)選。

他既像普魯斯特，又像汽車(chē)配件商

It’s not writing that takes Caro so long but, rather, rewriting. In college he was such a quick and facile writer, and so speedy a typist, that one of his teachers, the critic R. P. Blackmur, once told him that he would never achieve anything until he learned to “stop thinking with his fingers,” and Caro actually tries to slow himself down these days. He doesn’t start typing — on an old Smith Corona Electra 210, not a computer — until he has finished four or five handwritten drafts. And then he rewrites the typescript. When I visited him one day in early December, he was correcting the page proofs of “The Passage of Power” the way Proust used to correct proofs: scratching out, writing in between the lines, pasting in additional sheets of inserts.

卡羅的寫(xiě)作周期如此長(zhǎng)，倒不是因?yàn)閷?xiě)作本身，而是因?yàn)榉磸?fù)改寫(xiě)。大學(xué)時(shí)代的他寫(xiě)得輕快而流暢，打字飛快.他的老師、評(píng)論家理查德·布萊克默(R. P. Blackmur)曾說(shuō)，他得學(xué)會(huì)“改掉用指頭思考的毛病”，否則將一事無(wú)成?，F(xiàn)在，卡羅確實(shí)在嘗試放慢自己的節(jié)奏。手寫(xiě)完第四稿或者第五稿之后，他才開(kāi)始打字，不是用電腦，而是用一臺(tái)老式的Smith Corona牌Electra 210型打字機(jī)。然后他再在打字稿上修改。12月上旬我去拜訪的時(shí)候，他正在訂正《權(quán)力通道》的清樣。他改清樣的方式和普魯斯特(Proust)一樣：劃去一些內(nèi)容、在行間寫(xiě)字、粘上補(bǔ)充的稿紙。

Caro is an equally obsessive researcher. Gott­lieb likes to point to a passage fairly early in “The Power Broker” describing Moses’ parents one morning in their lodge at Camp Madison, a fresh-air charity they established for poor city kids, picking up The Times and reading that their son had been fined $22,000 for improprieties in a land takeover. “Oh, he never earned a dollar in his life, and now we’ll have to pay this,” Bella Moses says.

對(duì)于研究工作，卡羅也是同樣癡迷。戈特利布喜歡拿《權(quán)力掮客》當(dāng)中相當(dāng)靠前的一個(gè)段落來(lái)說(shuō)事，其中寫(xiě)到摩西的父母為貧窮的城市兒童創(chuàng)建了戶外慈善項(xiàng)目“麥迪遜野營(yíng)”(Camp Madison)，某天早上，們待在營(yíng)地的小屋，拿起《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》，讀到兒子因?yàn)樵谕恋亟灰字械牟划?dāng)行為被罰款2萬(wàn)2千美元。“噢，他一生都沒(méi)自己掙過(guò)一分錢(qián)，現(xiàn)在我們得幫他掏錢(qián)應(yīng)付這個(gè)。”貝拉·摩西(Bella Moses)說(shuō)。

“How do you know that?” Gottlieb asked Caro. Caro explained that he tried to talk to all of the social workers who had worked at Camp Madison, and in the process he found one who had delivered the Moseses’ paper. “It was as if I had asked him, ‘How do you know it’s raining out?’ ” Gottlieb told me, and he added: “When ‘The Power Broker’ came out, other writers were amazed. No one had ever seen anything like it. It was a monument not to industry, because lots of people have industry, but to something else. I don’t even know what to call it.”

“你怎么知道這個(gè)的?”戈特利布曾問(wèn)卡羅?？_說(shuō)，他設(shè)法跟所有曾在“麥迪遜野營(yíng)”工作過(guò)的社工交談，在此過(guò)程中，他找到了一位曾經(jīng)給摩西夫婦送報(bào)紙的人。“這就好比我問(wèn)他，‘你怎么知道外面正在下雨?’” 戈特利布告訴我，并且補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“《權(quán)力掮客》面世時(shí)，其他作家都大吃一驚。誰(shuí)也沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)這種著作。這可不是什么銘刻勤奮的豐碑，因?yàn)榍趭^的人多的是，它銘刻的是其他什么東西。我都不知道該管這種東西叫什么。”

Caro once spent several nights alone in a sleeping bag in the Texas Hill Country so he could understand what rural isolation felt like there. For the Johnson books, he has conducted thousands of interviews, many with Johnson’s friends and contemporaries. (Lady Bird spoke to him several times and then abruptly stopped without giving a reason, and Bill Moyers, Johnson’s press secretary, has never consented to be interviewed, but most of Johnson’s closest cronies, including John Connally and George Christian, Johnson’s last press secretary, who spoke to Caro practically on his deathbed, have gone on the record.) He has spent literally several years at the Johnson Library, in Austin, Tex., painstakingly going through the red buckram boxes that contain Johnson’s papers, and he has been the first researcher to open some of the most revealing files there. “Over and over again, I’ve found crucial things that nobody knew about,” he said. “There’s always original stuff if you look hard enough.” He added that he tried to keep in mind something that his managing editor at Newsday, Alan Hathway, a crusty old newspaper­man once told him, after pointing out that Caro was the only Ivy Leaguer who ever amounted to anything: “Turn every goddamn page.”

卡羅曾經(jīng)鉆進(jìn)睡袋，獨(dú)自在得克薩斯丘陵地帶(Texas Hill Country)度過(guò)數(shù)夜，目的是理解孤絕鄉(xiāng)野的感受。為了寫(xiě)約翰遜傳記，他進(jìn)行了數(shù)千次訪談，其中許多次是訪問(wèn)約翰遜的朋友和同時(shí)代的人。(前第一夫人克勞迪婭·約翰遜(譯者注，原文為L(zhǎng)ady Bird，因?yàn)榧s翰遜夫人嬰兒時(shí)期的綽號(hào)為“瓢蟲(chóng)”(ladybird)，其后一生都采用Lady Bird作為正式稱(chēng)呼，意為“伯德夫人”)曾和卡羅談過(guò)幾次，然后突然毫無(wú)理由地中止。約翰遜的新聞秘書(shū)比爾·莫耶斯(Bill Moyers)從未同意接受采訪。但是約翰遜的大部分密友都被卡羅記錄在案，包括約翰·康納利(John Connally)和約翰遜的最后一任新聞秘書(shū)喬治·克里斯蒂安(George Christian)， 后者與卡羅交談時(shí)，實(shí)際上已處于彌留之際。)卡羅實(shí)實(shí)在在地花費(fèi)了數(shù)年時(shí)間，泡在位于得克薩斯州奧斯汀的約翰遜圖書(shū)館，不辭勞苦地瀏覽放置約翰遜文檔的紅色硬麻布箱。而且一些最能披露真相的檔案，是由他首次發(fā)掘出來(lái)的。“一次又一次，我找到無(wú)人知曉的重要之事，”他說(shuō):“只要盡力去找，總有些原始材料在那兒。”他還補(bǔ)充道，他試圖記住《紐約每日新聞》的執(zhí)行主編艾倫·哈撒韋(Alan Hathway)曾對(duì)自己說(shuō)過(guò)的話。這位性格暴躁的老派報(bào)人指出，卡羅是常青藤聯(lián)盟畢業(yè)生中唯一有所作為的人，然后對(duì)他說(shuō)“把該死的每頁(yè)紙都讀了。”

His notes, typed on long legal sheets, often with urgent directions to himself in capital letters, fill his cabinets, and before he begins writing, he indexes the relevant files in big loose-leaf notebooks that resemble the ones behind the counter at auto-parts stores. There is no computer, no Google, no Wikipedia.

他的櫥柜里裝滿了筆記，筆記打在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件夾紙上，常帶有他用大寫(xiě)字母寫(xiě)給自己的緊要提示。開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作之前，他先將相關(guān)的文檔編目到一起，放入大活頁(yè)本，活像汽車(chē)配件商店柜臺(tái)后面的那種筆記本。他不用電腦、不用谷歌、不用維基百科。

One reason Caro’s books are so long is that he does keep burrowing through the files, and he keeps finding out things he hadn’t anticipated. Before beginning the first volume, he thought he could wrap up Johnson’s early life in a couple of chapters, until he talked to some of Johnson’s college classmates and found out about his lying, conniving side, which no one had previously described. That volume also includes a mini­biography of Sam Rayburn, Johnson’s mentor in Congress, and a brilliantly evocative section about how electrification changed the lives of people in the Hill Country, much of it based on interviews conducted by Ina, who visited the women there with homemade preserves and eventually won them over, she says, because she was as shy and nervous as they were.

卡羅的書(shū)籍之所以篇幅很長(zhǎng)，原因之一是他總是旁征博引，而且總能找到出乎自己預(yù)料的東西。開(kāi)始寫(xiě)第一卷約翰遜傳記之前，他設(shè)想用幾個(gè)章節(jié)寫(xiě)完其早期生涯，與約翰遜的一些大學(xué)同窗談過(guò)之后，他卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了約翰遜未見(jiàn)記述的一面：撒謊、營(yíng)私的一面。本卷還包含了一個(gè)小傳，記述約翰遜在國(guó)會(huì)的導(dǎo)師、薩姆·雷伯恩(Sam Rayburn)的生涯。另有一段精彩而動(dòng)情的部分，描繪電氣化給得克薩斯丘陵地帶人們的生活帶來(lái)的變化，其中大部分內(nèi)容基于艾娜的采訪。她說(shuō)，她帶著家庭制作的果醬拜訪當(dāng)?shù)貗D女，最終贏得她們的信任，因?yàn)樗退齻円粯屿t腆、一樣緊張。

Caro thought that the 1948 Senate election would take up a single chapter or so in his Senate volume. Instead, it takes up most of a book of its own, what is now Volume 2. Johnson advocates used to say that “no one will ever know” whether that election was stolen. Caro knows, because after reading an AP story reporting that Luis Salas, an election boss and party henchman, had falsified the records, he visited Salas, who then gave him a confession that he had written by hand. The Senate book, Volume 3, begins with a 100-page history of the Senate, starting with Calhoun and Webster, because Caro felt that to understand the Senate you needed to see it in its great period. It includes minibiographies of Hubert Humphrey and Richard Russell Jr., the longtime Senate leader of the South, and ends with a detailed, almost vote-by-vote account of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The first few weeks of the Johnson presidency, which take up so much of the new book, were originally imagined as just a chapter in what would be the final volume, and the new book also includes much more about the Kennedys than Caro anticipated. He goes into great detail, for example, about the feud between Johnson and Robert Kennedy, and the visits Bobby made to Johnson’s hotel room in Los Angeles after the Democratic convention in 1960, trying to talk Johnson into withdrawing from the vice-presidential nomination.

卡羅料想，1948年的參議院選舉將占據(jù)一兩個(gè)章節(jié)，放在關(guān)于參議院的那一卷里。結(jié)果這幾乎占了一整本書(shū)，變成了第二卷《升遷之道》。為約翰遜辯護(hù)的人們?cè)f(shuō)，“沒(méi)人會(huì)知道”那次選舉的勝利是否為竊取的。但卡羅知道，因?yàn)樗x到一則美聯(lián)社的報(bào)道，指出選舉官及黨內(nèi)親信路易斯·薩拉斯(Luis Salas)偽造了選舉記錄，然后就去拜訪了薩拉斯，后者給了他一份手寫(xiě)的供詞。第三卷《議院大師》以一百頁(yè)的參議院歷史開(kāi)篇，從卡爾霍恩 (Calhoun)和韋伯斯特(Webster)談起。這樣寫(xiě)是因?yàn)榭_覺(jué)得，要讓人們了解參議院，就得將它放到其宏大的時(shí)代背景中。本卷還囊括了休伯特·漢弗萊(Hubert Humphrey)和長(zhǎng)期的參議院南方領(lǐng)袖小理查德·拉塞爾(Richard Russell Jr.)的小傳。這一卷終結(jié)于《1957年民權(quán)法案》獲得通過(guò)之時(shí)，敘述翔實(shí)，幾乎寫(xiě)到了其中的每一票。約翰遜擔(dān)當(dāng)總統(tǒng)的最初幾周，占據(jù)了新一卷《權(quán)力通道》的大部分，原本的設(shè)想僅是將它作為系列終結(jié)卷中的一章。新一卷當(dāng)中關(guān)于肯尼迪家族成員的內(nèi)容，也比卡羅的預(yù)想多得多。比方說(shuō)，他非常詳細(xì)地描寫(xiě)了約翰遜和羅伯特·肯尼迪(Robert Kennedy)之間的夙怨，以及博比數(shù)次造訪(譯者注，Bobby是Robert的昵稱(chēng))約翰遜酒店房間的情形，那是1960年洛杉磯民主黨全國(guó)代表大會(huì)之后的事情，博比試圖說(shuō)服約翰遜放棄副總統(tǒng)提名。

The installments keep ballooning, in other words, developing subplots and stories-within-the-story, in a way that reflects Caro’s own process of discovery. He is looking ahead to Volume 5 and to Vietnam, which is foreshadowed in the new book by Johnson’s hawkish impatience during the Cuban missile crisis. One day when I was visiting he pulled out a thick file of notes he had written, including transcripts, about the weekly Tuesday cabinet meetings Johnson had with Dean Rusk, Robert McNamara, Earle Wheeler and Walt Rostow, at which the question of whether to escalate was frequently discussed. “Look at this stuff,” Caro said to me. “It’s unbelievable!”

這套叢書(shū)持續(xù)膨脹，換句話說(shuō)，它不斷發(fā)展出次要情節(jié)和戲中戲，某種程度上反映了卡羅自身的發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)程。眼下他正在展望第五卷和越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第四卷記述了約翰遜在古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)期間展現(xiàn)的鷹派急躁情緒，預(yù)示了越南的泥潭。某日我去拜訪的時(shí)候，卡羅拿出一厚疊他寫(xiě)好的筆記，包括書(shū)稿，內(nèi)容是約翰遜與迪安·臘斯克(Dean Rusk)、羅伯特·麥克納馬拉(Robert McNamara)、厄爾·惠勒( Earle Wheeler)和沃爾特·羅斯托( Walt Rostow)進(jìn)行的周二內(nèi)閣例會(huì)，會(huì)上經(jīng)常討論是否要將戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)升級(jí)的問(wèn)題。“看看這個(gè)東西，”卡羅對(duì)我說(shuō)：“不可思議呀!”

Caro now finds Johnson more fascinating than ever, he told me, and added: “It’s not a question of liking or disliking him. I’m trying to explain how political power worked in America in the second half of the 20th century, and here’s a guy who understood power and used it in a way that no one ever had. In the getting of that power he’s ruthless — ruthless to a degree that surprised even me, who thought he knew something about ruthlessness. But he also means it when he says that all his life he wanted to help poor people and people of color, and you see him using the ruthlessness, the savagery for wonderful ends. Does his character ever change? No. Are my feelings about Johnson mixed? They’ve always been mixed.”

卡羅告訴我，他對(duì)約翰遜的興趣空前高漲，并且補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“這不是喜不喜歡他的問(wèn)題。我是在試圖解釋?zhuān)?0世紀(jì)后半葉，政治權(quán)力如何在美國(guó)運(yùn)行。剛好又趕上了這么一個(gè)人，他理解權(quán)力和運(yùn)用權(quán)力的方式無(wú)人能及。為了得到權(quán)力，他表現(xiàn)得十分冷酷，連我這個(gè)自以為懂得何謂冷酷的人都禁不住感到吃驚?？墒?，談及幫助窮人和有色人種的畢生抱負(fù)時(shí)，他也是認(rèn)真的。于是你發(fā)現(xiàn)，他是在用這種冷酷和野蠻來(lái)達(dá)到美好的目的。他的性格改變過(guò)嗎?沒(méi)有。我對(duì)約翰遜的感情很復(fù)雜嗎?一直都是復(fù)雜的。”

On a corkboard covering the wall beside Caro’s desk, he keeps an outline, pinned up on legal-size sheets, of “The Years of Lyndon Johnson.” It’s not a classic outline, with indentations and numbered headings and subheadings, but a maze of sentences and paragraphs and notes to himself. These days, part of the top row is gone: the empty spaces are where the pages mapping the new book used to be. But there are several rows left to go, and 13 additional pages that won’t fit on the wall until yet more come down. Somewhere on those sheets, already written, is the very last line of “The Years of Lyndon Johnson,” whatever volume that turns out to be. I begged him more than once, but Caro wouldn’t tell me what that line says.

卡羅書(shū)桌旁邊的墻上掛著一塊軟木公告板，他將寫(xiě)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貼紙簿上的《林登·約翰遜時(shí)代》提綱釘在上面。這不是那種帶有縮格、序列標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題的傳統(tǒng)提綱，而是一個(gè)用句子、段落和注釋構(gòu)成的迷宮，只有他自己才懂。如今，頂行的一部分已經(jīng)消失：空白部分原本放的那些頁(yè)，現(xiàn)在已構(gòu)成第四卷書(shū)的內(nèi)容。但還有好幾行的東西有待取下。另有13頁(yè)紙仍無(wú)處安放，除非從墻上拿下更多的紙張?！读值?middot;約翰遜時(shí)代》的結(jié)語(yǔ)已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好，就在這13頁(yè)紙當(dāng)中的某個(gè)地方。無(wú)論最后寫(xiě)了幾卷，就用這句話結(jié)束。我不止一次地請(qǐng)求過(guò)卡羅，但是他不肯告訴我這句話究竟是什么。