美國(guó)打破男同性戀不能獻(xiàn)血禁令

F.D.A. Lifting Lifetime Ban on Gay Blood Donors

美國(guó)打破男同性戀不能獻(xiàn)血禁令

WASHINGTON — The Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it would scrap a decades-old lifetime prohibition on blood donation by gay and bisexual men, a major stride toward ending what many had seen as a national policy of discrimination.

華盛頓——周二，美國(guó)食品與藥品管理局(Food and Drug Administration，簡(jiǎn)稱FDA)宣布將廢止同性戀與雙性戀男性終身不得獻(xiàn)血的規(guī)定，該規(guī)定已經(jīng)實(shí)施了幾十年。此舉朝終結(jié)許多人眼中的全國(guó)性歧視政策，邁進(jìn)了一大步。

However, the agency will continue to ban men who have been sexually active in the last year, saying that the barrier is necessary to keep the blood supply safe, a move that frustrated rights groups that were pushing for the ban to be removed entirely.

不過(guò)，F(xiàn)DA仍然禁止在過(guò)去一年中性活躍的男性獻(xiàn)血，并稱這是保障供血安全的必要限制。呼吁完全廢除禁令的權(quán)益組織對(duì)這一決定感到失望。

The F.D.A. enacted the ban in 1983, early in the AIDS epidemic. At the time, little was known about the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes the disease, and there was no quick test to determine whether somebody had it. But science — and the understanding of H.I.V. in particular — has advanced in the intervening decades. On Tuesday the F.D.A. acknowledged as much, lifting the lifetime ban but keeping in place a block on donations by men who have had sex with other men in the last 12 months.

1983年，F(xiàn)DA頒布了這項(xiàng)禁令，當(dāng)時(shí)是艾滋病(AIDS)流行的早期階段。那個(gè)時(shí)候，人們對(duì)引發(fā)艾滋病的人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus，簡(jiǎn)稱HIV)知之甚少，而且也沒(méi)有快速的檢測(cè)方法來(lái)確定病毒感染者。但是，科學(xué)在這幾十年間取得了進(jìn)步，尤其是對(duì)HIV的了解。周二，F(xiàn)DA 也承認(rèn)了這一點(diǎn)，取消了終身禁令，但是仍然禁止曾在過(guò)去12個(gè)月中與另一名男子發(fā)生性關(guān)系的男性獻(xiàn)血。

The new 12-month waiting period imposes on gay men the same restriction as that imposed on heterosexuals who engage in high-risk behavior, including sex with prostitutes or with people who inject drugs.

新規(guī)定中12個(gè)月的等待期，使男同性戀者與存在高危行為的異性戀者，受到了同樣的限制。這些行為包括與賣淫者或注射毒品者發(fā)生性關(guān)系。

Although the most modern tests can detect the virus in blood in as little as nine days after infection, the restrictions on heterosexuals were written before the tests became that refined, when it might take several weeks before the virus or antibodies to it could be detected. Also, blood banks know that donors do not always tell the truth about their sexual activity on questionnaires. A yearlong prohibition on dangerous sexual activity gives them a larger margin of error.

雖然最先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)手段可以在感染僅九天后，查出血液中的病毒，但是針對(duì)異性戀的限制是在檢測(cè)手段還沒(méi)有這么先進(jìn)時(shí)設(shè)定的;當(dāng)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒或病毒抗體可能需要數(shù)周時(shí)間。此外，血庫(kù)也明白獻(xiàn)血者不一定會(huì)在問(wèn)卷上如實(shí)回答涉及性行為的問(wèn)題。所以，將禁止危險(xiǎn)性行為的時(shí)間保持在一年，就可以降低出錯(cuò)的幾率。

In written remarks, the agency said it was keeping the 12-month ban because “compelling scientific evidence is not available at this time to support a change to a deferral period less than one year while still ensuring the safety of the blood supply.”

FDA在書(shū)面聲明中說(shuō)，之所以保持12個(gè)月的禁令，是因?yàn)?ldquo;目前還沒(méi)有可靠的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明，把等待期縮短到一年以下，仍然能保證供血安全”。

The shift puts the United States on par with many European countries, including Britain, which adjusted its lifetime ban in favor of a 12-month restriction in 2011.

這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變使美國(guó)與包括英國(guó)在內(nèi)的許多歐洲國(guó)家，采用了同樣的規(guī)定。2011年，英國(guó)也對(duì)其終身禁令做出了調(diào)整，轉(zhuǎn)而采取為期12個(gè)月的限制。

The F.D.A. rules on blood donation generally include very wide margins of error. For example, it bars anyone who has traveled in areas where malaria is common from giving blood for a year, even though malaria symptoms are almost unmistakable — chills and fever — and virtually always appear within 40 days.

FDA對(duì)獻(xiàn)血的規(guī)定中，預(yù)留了很大的容錯(cuò)空間。例如，它規(guī)定，所有曾去往瘧疾高發(fā)區(qū)的人，在一年內(nèi)不得獻(xiàn)血，盡管瘧疾的癥狀非常明顯——打冷顫和發(fā)燒——而且這些癥狀幾乎總會(huì)在40天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)。

Most men’s health advocates called the move long overdue, and said that the overall ban was not based on the latest science and that it perpetuated stigma about gay men as a risk to the health of the nation. Legal experts said the change brought an important national health policy in line with other legal and political rights for gay Americans, like permitting gay people to marry and to serve openly in the military.

大多數(shù)男性健康倡導(dǎo)者都稱此舉來(lái)得太晚，還說(shuō)這種全面的禁令并沒(méi)有以最新的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)，而且延續(xù)了男同性戀對(duì)國(guó)民健康構(gòu)成威脅的觀念。法律專家表示，這一調(diào)整使一項(xiàng)重要的全國(guó)性衛(wèi)生政策與美國(guó)同性戀者的其他法律和政治權(quán)利達(dá)成了一致，比如同性戀擁有結(jié)婚和公開(kāi)以同性戀身份在軍隊(duì)服役的權(quán)利。

GMHC, the advocacy group formerly known as Gay Men’s Health Crisis, called the new policy “offensive and harmful.” AIDS United, a Washington-based lobbying group, said that it was a “step forward,” but that it “continues to perpetuate discrimination against gay and bisexual men.”

倡導(dǎo)組織GMHC稱這項(xiàng)新政策“令人反感且有害”，該組織過(guò)去名為“男同性戀健康危機(jī)”(Gay Men’s Health Crisis)?？偛课挥谌A盛頓的游說(shuō)團(tuán)體AIDS United則表示，這是一個(gè)“進(jìn)步”，但它“延續(xù)了對(duì)同性戀和雙性戀男性的歧視”。

In a statement, the agency said that it had “carefully examined and considered the scientific evidence” and that it intended to issue a draft guidance detailing the change in 2015. An F.D.A. official told reporters there was not enough science to support lifting the 12-month ban, an assertion that men’s health groups dispute.

FDA在一份聲明中表示，它對(duì)“科學(xué)證據(jù)進(jìn)行了仔細(xì)研究和考慮”，并計(jì)劃于2015年發(fā)布一份詳細(xì)介紹相關(guān)變化的指導(dǎo)草案。一名FDA官員告訴記者，沒(méi)有充分的科學(xué)證據(jù)能支持解除12個(gè)月禁令的做法，但男性健康團(tuán)體并不同意這種說(shuō)法。

“At this time we simply do not have the evidence to suggest that we can go to a shorter period,” said Dr. Peter Marks, deputy director of the F.D.A.'s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research.

FDA生物制品評(píng)價(jià)和研究中心(Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research)副主任彼得·馬克斯(Peter Marks)說(shuō)，“現(xiàn)在根本沒(méi)有足夠的證據(jù)表明我們可以縮短這個(gè)時(shí)間。”

The agency’s decision seems to have been guided by data that emerged after similar policy changes in other countries. For example, Dr. Marks cited data from Australia, where studies have shown no increased risk to the blood supply after the country changed the ban from lifetime to a year.

在其他國(guó)家做出類似的政策變動(dòng)后，又有一些數(shù)據(jù)公布了出來(lái)，F(xiàn)DA似乎就是以這些數(shù)據(jù)為指導(dǎo)而做出決定的。例如，馬克斯就引用了來(lái)自澳大利亞的數(shù)據(jù)。澳大利亞的研究表明，在把禁止同性戀者獻(xiàn)血的時(shí)間從終身縮短到一年之后，供血方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并沒(méi)有增加。

Other groups applauded the shift, pointing out that it had been pushed for years by medical experts, blood banks and gay men’s health organizations who argued that the policy had long outlived its usefulness for safety in the blood supply.

還有一些組織對(duì)這種轉(zhuǎn)變表示歡迎，并指出，數(shù)年來(lái)，醫(yī)學(xué)專家、血庫(kù)和男同性戀健康機(jī)構(gòu)一直在呼吁做出這種轉(zhuǎn)變。他們認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)政策在保證供血安全方面早已失效。

“A lot has changed since 1983,” said Sean Cahill, director of health policy research at the Fenway Institute. He called the shift “an important incremental step toward a better policy. That’s how policies often change — incrementally.”

“自1983年以來(lái)，發(fā)生了很多變化，”芬威研究所(Fenway Institute)衛(wèi)生政策研究的負(fù)責(zé)人肖恩·卡希爾(Sean Cahill)說(shuō)。他說(shuō)這項(xiàng)變化“在政策逐步改善的過(guò)程中是一個(gè)步驟。政策通常就是這樣變化的——逐步進(jìn)行。”

While the burden of H.I.V. in the United States falls disproportionately on gay and bisexual men — Mr. Cahill cited estimates from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that two-thirds of an estimated 50,000 new H.I.V. infections in the United States each year occur among men who have sex with men — the vast majority of gay and bisexual men are not H.I.V. positive, a fact that the 1980s-era policy essentially ignored by counting every single man who had had sex with a man since 1977 as suspect.

雖然美國(guó)的HIV感染者中，同性戀或雙性戀男性所占的比例異常地大——卡希爾引用美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)的估計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)稱，美國(guó)每年大約5萬(wàn)名新增HIV感染者中，有三分之二都是曾與男性發(fā)生性關(guān)系的男性——但絕大部分同性戀和雙性戀男性都不是HIV攜帶者。上世紀(jì)80年代的政策基本都忽略了這個(gè)事實(shí)，而是把從1977年來(lái)曾與男性發(fā)生過(guò)性關(guān)系的每個(gè)男性都當(dāng)成了疑似患者。