The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
圣誕節(jié)的歷史可以追溯到4000多年以前?,F(xiàn)在有許多慶祝活動(dòng)實(shí)際上在耶酥誕生之前就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。像為期12天的圣誕節(jié)日,美麗的煙火,互贈(zèng)禮物,節(jié)日宴會(huì),教堂禮拜以及合唱團(tuán)挨家挨戶唱圣誕歌曲等風(fēng)俗都可以追溯到Mesopotamians早期時(shí)代。
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god - Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
許多傳統(tǒng)都是從Mesopotamian人慶祝新年開(kāi)始的。Mesopotamian人信奉許多神,其中主神為Marduk。他們相信每年冬季來(lái)到,Marduk就會(huì)去和魔鬼戰(zhàn)斗。為了幫助Marduk,Mesopotamian人便在新年舉行盛宴為他助興。這就是為期12天的Zagmuk節(jié)日。
The Mesopotamian king would return to the temple of Marduk and swear his faithfulness to the god. The traditions called for the king to die at the end of the year and to return with Marduk to battle at his side.
To spare their king, the Mesopotamians used the idea of a "mock" king. A criminal was chosen and dressed in royal clothes. He was given all the respect and privileges of a real king. At the end of the celebration the "mock" king was stripped of the royal clothes and slain, sparing the life of the real king.
The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey.
波斯和巴比倫則有類似叫做Sacaea的節(jié)日,節(jié)日活動(dòng)包括一項(xiàng)“交換位置”的游戲,即讓奴隸成為主人,而奴隸主則扮演奴隸的角色。
Early Europeans believed in evil spirits, witches, ghosts and trolls. As the Winter Solstice approached, with its long cold nights and short days, many people feared the sun would not return. Special rituals and celebrations were held to welcome back the sun.
古代歐洲人相信存在魔鬼、巫師和鬼魂。每當(dāng)冬至來(lái)臨,寒夜漫長(zhǎng),白晝短暫,許多人擔(dān)心太陽(yáng)將一去不復(fù)返。于是,人們便舉行各種特殊的儀式來(lái)歡迎太陽(yáng)的回歸。
In Scandinavia during the winter months the sun would disappear for many days. After thirty-five days scouts would be sent to the mountain tops to look for the return of the sun. When the first light was seen the scouts would return with the good news. A great festival would be held, called the Yuletide, and a special feast would be served around a fire burning with the Yule log. Great bonfires would also be lit to celebrate the return of the sun. In some areas people would tie apples to branches of trees to remind themselves that spring and summer would return.
在斯勘的納維亞地區(qū),太陽(yáng)會(huì)在冬季消失許多天。一般在消失35天之后,將有一行人被派往山頂迎接太陽(yáng)的歸來(lái)。當(dāng)?shù)谝豢|曙光出現(xiàn)時(shí),他們便回來(lái)報(bào)告好消息,并舉行盛宴和各種慶?;顒?dòng)。有些地方的人們則將蘋(píng)果掛在樹(shù)枝上以示春天和夏天的到來(lái)。
The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans.
古希臘人也有類似Zagmuk/Sacaea的節(jié)日,以此來(lái)慶祝他們的神Kronos與宙斯所進(jìn)行的戰(zhàn)斗。
The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits).
The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places.
古羅馬人信奉Saturn(撒旦)神,他們的節(jié)日叫做Saturnalia,開(kāi)始于12月中旬,結(jié)束于1月1日。他們的慶祝活動(dòng)包括街道化妝舞會(huì),大型宴會(huì),拜訪朋友以及交換禮物等。他們還在大廳里放上月桂樹(shù)或其它綠樹(shù),綴上蠟燭等飾物。奴隸主和奴隸也要表演交換地位的游戲。
"Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians though it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.
"Jo Saturnalia!"是古羅馬人舉行盛會(huì)時(shí)喊的口號(hào),以表示對(duì)神的尊敬,它充滿了娛樂(lè)和節(jié)日的氣氛,但基督教徒卻認(rèn)為非基督神是異端,他們信仰的是基督(Christ),他們想將基督的誕生日作為一個(gè)神圣的宗教節(jié)日來(lái)紀(jì)念,而不是象Saturnalia那樣充滿歡樂(lè)的氣氛。
But as Christianity spread they were alarmed by the continuing celebration of pagan customs and Saturnalia among their converts. At first the Church forbid this kind of celebration. But it was to no avail. Eventually it was decided that the celebration would be tamed and made into a celebration fit for the Christian Son of God.
隨著基督教的盛行,他們對(duì)非基督教慶?;顒?dòng)的風(fēng)俗越來(lái)越反感,甚至禁止教堂舉行這些活動(dòng),但效果甚微。最終基督教決定將這些活動(dòng)融入他們?yōu)榧o(jì)念圣子基督所舉行的活動(dòng)中。
Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas.
有些傳說(shuō)認(rèn)為基督教的“圣誕節(jié)”(Christmas)來(lái)源于基督與非基督之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。12月25日不但對(duì)羅馬人是神圣的,對(duì)信仰Mithraism教的波斯人也是神圣的,該教當(dāng)時(shí)是基督教的主要對(duì)手之一。最終教堂將Saturanilia節(jié)日的歡樂(lè)氣氛如彩燈、禮物等成功地融入了圣誕節(jié)中。
The exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas.
基督的誕生日從未確切地考證過(guò)。相傳公元98年就開(kāi)始紀(jì)念“圣誕日”。公元137年羅馬大主教宣布在圣誕日舉行莊嚴(yán)的宴會(huì)。公元350年,另一位羅馬大主教Julius I 將每年12月25日定為“圣誕節(jié)”。
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每年12月25日是全世界大多數(shù)基督徒紀(jì)念耶穌誕生的日子。
教會(huì)開(kāi)始并無(wú)圣誕節(jié),約在耶穌升天后百余年內(nèi)才有。據(jù)說(shuō):第一個(gè)圣誕節(jié)是在公元138年,由羅馬主教圣克里門(mén)倡議舉行。而教會(huì)史載第一個(gè)圣誕節(jié)則在公元336年。由于圣經(jīng)未明記耶穌生于何時(shí),故各地圣誕節(jié)日期各異。直到公元440年,才由羅馬教廷定12月25日為圣誕節(jié)。公元1607年,世界各地教會(huì)領(lǐng)袖在伯利恒聚會(huì),進(jìn)一步予以確定,從此世界大多數(shù)的基督徒均以12月25日為圣誕節(jié)。其實(shí)哪一天并不要緊,重要的是應(yīng)該知道它是為紀(jì)念救主耶穌降生。
由于圣經(jīng)記載耶穌生于夜間,故傳統(tǒng)稱12月24日夜為"圣誕夜"或"平安夜"。
耶穌的降生,有舊約先知預(yù)言:"必有童女懷孕生子,給他起名叫以馬內(nèi)利(意思為'上帝與我們同在')。"(以賽亞書(shū)7章14節(jié),圣經(jīng)下同)
耶穌降生時(shí),有天使報(bào)信:"不要懼怕,我給你們大喜的信息,是關(guān)乎萬(wàn)民的;因今天在大衛(wèi)的城里,為你們生了救主,就是主基督。你們要看見(jiàn)一個(gè)嬰孩,包著布,臥在馬槽里,那就是記號(hào)了。"(路加福音2章10-12節(jié))
耶穌降生時(shí),有博士朝拜,"他們看見(jiàn)那星就大大地歡喜。進(jìn)了房子,看見(jiàn)小孩子和他母親馬利亞,就俯伏拜那小孩子,揭開(kāi)寶盒,手拿黃金、乳香、沒(méi)藥為禮物獻(xiàn)給他。"(馬太福音2章10-11節(jié))
耶穌,意指"上帝拯救",因?yàn)槭ソ?jīng)說(shuō):"世人都犯了罪,虧缺了上帝的榮耀。"(羅馬書(shū)3章23節(jié))罪使人離開(kāi)生命的源頭,宇宙萬(wàn)物的主宰。罪使人失去公義、仁愛(ài),變得自私、驕傲、貪婪、邪惡。罪破壞人與上帝、人與人之間和睦的關(guān)系,使人活在無(wú)可奈何的痛苦之中。罪使人將來(lái)要面對(duì)永遠(yuǎn)的刑罰和痛苦,"人人都有一死,死后且有審判。"(希伯來(lái)書(shū)9章27節(jié))因?yàn)樯系凼鞘?、公義的!
但是,上帝又是慈愛(ài)的主,他賜給世人自己的獨(dú)生子--耶穌基督,成為人的樣式(就是圣誕),作我們的救贖主,他要將自己的百姓從罪惡里救出來(lái)。(馬太福音1章21節(jié))他代替了我們的軟弱,擔(dān)當(dāng)了我們的罪的刑罰。"上帝使我們眾人的罪孽都?xì)w到他身上",(以賽亞書(shū)53章6節(jié))為我們的罪釘死在十字架上。
今天,只要你悔改自己的罪,相信他,接受他做你個(gè)人的救主,你的罪就被赦免了,你與上帝就恢復(fù)了那起初和睦的關(guān)系,你就得了永遠(yuǎn)的生命。今天你接受耶穌在你的心里,今天就是你的圣誕節(jié),愿上帝今年賜給你一個(gè)特別的圣誕節(jié)!
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耶穌的出生是有一段故事的,耶穌是因著圣靈成孕,由童女馬利亞所生的。神更派遣使者加伯列在夢(mèng)中曉諭約瑟,叫他不要因?yàn)轳R利亞未婚懷孕而不要她,反而要與她成親,把那孩子起名為“耶穌”,意思是要他把百姓從罪惡中救出來(lái)。
當(dāng)馬利亞快要臨盆的時(shí)候,羅馬政府下了命令,全部人民到伯利恒務(wù)必申報(bào)戶籍。約瑟和馬利亞只好遵命。他們到達(dá)伯利恒時(shí),天色已昏,無(wú)奈兩人未能找到旅館渡宿,只有一個(gè)馬棚可以暫住。就在這時(shí),耶穌要出生了!於是馬利亞唯有在馬槽上,生下耶穌。后人為紀(jì)念耶穌的誕生,便定十二月二十五為圣誕節(jié),年年望彌撒,紀(jì)念耶穌的出世。
圣誕節(jié)便是於十二月二十五日紀(jì)念耶穌的誕生,但真實(shí)的誕生日就沒(méi)有人知道了。十九世紀(jì),圣誕卡的流行、圣誕老人的出現(xiàn),圣誕節(jié)也開(kāi)始流行起來(lái)了。 據(jù)基督教徒的圣書(shū)《圣經(jīng)》,上帝決定讓他的獨(dú)生子耶穌基督投生人間,找個(gè)母親,然后就在人間生活,以便人們能更好地了解上帝、學(xué)習(xí)熱愛(ài)上帝和更好地相互熱愛(ài)。“圣誕節(jié)”的意思是“慶?;?rdquo;,慶祝一個(gè)年輕的猶太婦女瑪麗婭生下耶穌的時(shí)刻。
瑪麗婭已和木匠約瑟夫訂婚??墒牵谒麄兺又?,約瑟夫發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪麗婭已懷孕。因?yàn)榧s瑟夫是個(gè)正派的人,又不想把這件事說(shuō)出去讓她丟臉,所以他想悄悄地和她分手。他正在考慮這事時(shí),上帝的天使出現(xiàn)在他的夢(mèng)中,對(duì)他說(shuō),“不要嘀咕了,把瑪麗婭娶回家。她懷的孩子來(lái)自圣靈。她將生下個(gè)男孩子,你們給孩子起名叫耶穌,因?yàn)樗麑淖飷褐姓热藗儭?rdquo;
盡管耶穌的確切生日并不清楚,大約是在2000年前,但是日歷按著假定日期把時(shí)間分為公元前(耶穌基督誕生前)和公元后(A. D. 是拉丁文縮寫(xiě),意思是“有了我們主--耶穌的年代”)。在公元后的頭三百年間,耶穌的生日是在不同的日子慶祝的。最后,在公元354年,教堂的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人把12月25日定為耶穌基督的生日。
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各國(guó)圣誕節(jié)習(xí)俗:
法國(guó)中部的色日爾斯地方,每年圣誕節(jié)前后幾天必降大雪,白雪皚皚,令人清新。在西方人眼里,白色圣誕是一種吉祥。在法國(guó),馬槽是最富有特色的圣誕標(biāo)志,因?yàn)橄鄠饕d是誕生在馬槽旁的。人們大唱頌贊耶穌的圣誕歌之后,必須開(kāi)懷暢飲,香檳和白蘭地是法國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的圣誕美酒。
芬蘭在12月圣誕節(jié)前后,漫山遍野都是怒放的紫羅蘭,掩映在白色的大地上,望去一片紫紅色,紫色圣誕使人心曠神怡。
英國(guó)人和德國(guó)人一樣,圣誕節(jié)喝啤酒,吃烤鵝,他們更喜歡利用圣誕節(jié)假日外出旅游。
美國(guó)人過(guò)圣誕節(jié)著重家庭布置,安置圣誕樹(shù),在襪子中塞滿禮物,吃以火雞為主的圣誕大菜,舉行家庭舞會(huì)。
瑞士人在圣誕節(jié)前4個(gè)星期,就將4支巨型的蠟燭點(diǎn)燃,放在由樹(shù)枝裝飾成的一個(gè)環(huán)里,每周點(diǎn)1支,當(dāng)點(diǎn)燃第4支后,圣誕節(jié)就到了。
丹麥人對(duì)不合意的圣誕禮物,可去商店兌換價(jià)格相似的其他商品。
澳大利亞是南半球的國(guó)家之一。12月底,正當(dāng)西歐各國(guó)在寒風(fēng)呼嘯中歡度圣誕節(jié)時(shí),澳大利亞正是熱不可耐的仲夏時(shí)節(jié)。因此在澳大利亞過(guò)圣誕節(jié),到處可以看見(jiàn)光著上身汗水涔涔的小伙子和穿超短裙的姑娘,與商店櫥窗里精心布置的冬日雪景、掛滿雪花的圣誕樹(shù)和穿紅棉襖的圣誕老人,構(gòu)成澳大利亞特有的節(jié)日?qǐng)D景。這種酷暑和嚴(yán)冬景象的強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比,恐怕在西方國(guó)家是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。父母給子女最好的圣誕禮物,莫過(guò)于一副小水劃。圣誕節(jié)弄潮是澳大利亞的一大特征。節(jié)日晚上,帶著飲料到森林里舉行“巴別居”野餐。人們用石頭壘的露天灶中用枯樹(shù)枝生火、上面架一塊鐵板,把香腸、牛肉、鮮魚(yú)等放上去煎。吃飽喝足后,就跳起“迪斯科”或“袋鼠舞”,一直鬧到深夜才結(jié)束。喝醉了的,便往草地上一躺,在如雷的鼾聲中迎接圣誕老人的蒞臨。
在波蘭每年12月25日、26日舉行,家家戶戶都要裝飾圣誕樹(shù),大街小巷都有圣誕樹(shù)上的裝飾品出賣。節(jié)日里親友之間相互祝賀,互贈(zèng)禮品,表示友好。晚間吃飯時(shí)桌布下邊要放一些草,以示耶穌的降生。晚飯很豐富,但不能吃肉。夜間12時(shí)后,全家去教堂禮拜。圣誕節(jié)期間,一般不到別人家中做客,但主人盛情邀請(qǐng)者例外。
據(jù)保加利亞的歷法,圣誕節(jié)是靈魂出沒(méi)、妖邪猖狂的日子。因此,人們要借助火來(lái)驅(qū)妖鎮(zhèn)邪。圣誕節(jié)前夜,家家都燃起火堆,一直燃到天亮,不得熄滅,否則會(huì)招來(lái)橫禍。由男人取圣誕木點(diǎn)火進(jìn)屋并高聲念道:“圣誕節(jié)降臨,牛、羊、豬、馬長(zhǎng)滿圈,麥苗出滿垅,人人走好運(yùn)。”在屋里等候的人則齊聲回答:“阿門(mén)!”