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英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí):讀后寫(xiě)作提高初中生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇理解能力的實(shí)踐探究

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2021年08月02日

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摘 要:閱讀和寫(xiě)作是密不可分的兩種能力。本文結(jié)合實(shí)例,淺談讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)初中生語(yǔ)篇理解能力的促進(jìn)作用,并通過(guò)調(diào)查和訪(fǎng)談驗(yàn)證了這種教學(xué)方式的價(jià)值和意義。教師設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)文本特點(diǎn)的讀后寫(xiě)作形式,包括仿寫(xiě)、縮寫(xiě)、續(xù)寫(xiě)、自由寫(xiě)作等,不僅能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,同時(shí)也讓學(xué)生通過(guò)自己的作品展示了其對(duì)文本的理解程度以及構(gòu)思表達(dá)的能力。為了寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范性,教師也要作好相關(guān)鋪墊,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用“論證的一般結(jié)構(gòu)”表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。有時(shí)教師需對(duì)文本進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性地使用,使其更有利于學(xué)生的準(zhǔn)確閱讀和讀后寫(xiě)作。

關(guān)鍵詞:讀后寫(xiě)作;準(zhǔn)確閱讀;語(yǔ)篇理解能力

當(dāng)今越來(lái)越多的教師開(kāi)始重視閱讀,可是如何讓學(xué)生的閱讀更有效并實(shí)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確閱讀的目標(biāo)呢?Fitzgerald 和Shanahan(2000)根據(jù)心理學(xué)界對(duì)大量實(shí)證研究的元分析結(jié)果,歸納出“閱讀”和“寫(xiě)作”是密不可分的兩種能力,并依據(jù)兩者的區(qū)別、聯(lián)系和互動(dòng)提出了關(guān)于“讀寫(xiě)能力”的互動(dòng)發(fā)展。在理性分析兩者的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別的基礎(chǔ)上,他提出了關(guān)于“閱讀”和“寫(xiě)作”的歷時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展模型(development model)。寫(xiě)作是對(duì)閱讀的模擬,寫(xiě)作過(guò)程也是對(duì)閱讀的模擬過(guò)程。

讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)提高語(yǔ)篇理解能力的意義

能夠準(zhǔn)確閱讀是評(píng)判好讀者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。Richard L. Allington和Rachael E. Gabriel(2018)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),孩子閱讀內(nèi)容的程度與理解內(nèi)容的程度呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)關(guān)系。只有當(dāng)讀者能夠準(zhǔn)確閱讀某篇素材98%以上的內(nèi)容時(shí),此次閱讀行為才會(huì)發(fā)生作用(參見(jiàn)“CERA中閱院播種閱讀”)。

閱讀后的寫(xiě)作是一個(gè)非常有效的促進(jìn)準(zhǔn)確閱讀的過(guò)程,是一個(gè)人在構(gòu)建和輸出自己的一些見(jiàn)解。如果學(xué)生在閱讀素材以后能夠自由發(fā)揮地寫(xiě)點(diǎn)東西,那是非常有意義的。閱讀是輸入,寫(xiě)作是輸出,兩者緊密相連。

寫(xiě)作是另一種幫助讀者練習(xí)閱讀技巧和策略的方式。當(dāng)學(xué)生寫(xiě)下他們想寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容時(shí),他們會(huì)考慮哪些詞語(yǔ)能夠準(zhǔn)確地將自己的想法表達(dá)出來(lái);他們也必須確保所用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的準(zhǔn)確性,以幫助讀者理解哪些詞是在一起的、自己的情感是怎樣的,等等;同時(shí),他們也必須考慮文本結(jié)構(gòu)的搭建,而這整個(gè)過(guò)程對(duì)學(xué)生的理解能力有很大幫助。

讀后寫(xiě)作的論證結(jié)構(gòu)

閱讀讓學(xué)習(xí)者產(chǎn)生一定的心理狀態(tài),而這個(gè)心理過(guò)程就涉及意義理解。

讓學(xué)生參與認(rèn)知復(fù)雜型任務(wù)(為達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確閱讀的各種活動(dòng))的最終目的是給他們提供機(jī)會(huì),以生成新的結(jié)論并證明其結(jié)論(通過(guò)閱讀建構(gòu)自己的觀點(diǎn))(馬扎諾,2018)。結(jié)構(gòu)良好的論證包括“理由”“論據(jù)”和“限制條件”?!袄碛伞贝淼谝粚幼C據(jù),“論據(jù)”代表第二層證據(jù),“限制條件”表明學(xué)生對(duì)自己主張的確定性程度。最終,這些成分一起運(yùn)作構(gòu)成了一個(gè)完整體,即有邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)篇。這一整套技能(主張—理由—論據(jù)—限制條件)中的典型技能是生成和維護(hù)“主張”,每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)該知道這種論證結(jié)構(gòu)(寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu))(見(jiàn)圖1)。

論證結(jié)構(gòu)有助于學(xué)生有邏輯、有理有據(jù)地表達(dá),讓文章具有語(yǔ)篇的基本特征。語(yǔ)篇應(yīng)有一個(gè)論證結(jié)構(gòu)或邏輯結(jié)構(gòu),句子之間有一定的邏輯關(guān)系。語(yǔ)篇中的話(huà)段或句子都是在這一結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上組合起來(lái)的(黃國(guó)文,1997)。

讀后寫(xiě)作的教學(xué)實(shí)踐

根據(jù)文本的不同特點(diǎn),教師可以組織學(xué)生嘗試不同形式的讀后寫(xiě)作。學(xué)生可以用寫(xiě)作的論證結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)自己對(duì)文本的理解,來(lái)體現(xiàn)其思維的變化。

1.仿寫(xiě)

仿寫(xiě)有多種形式,如句子仿寫(xiě)、段落仿寫(xiě)、內(nèi)容仿寫(xiě)和結(jié)構(gòu)仿寫(xiě)。仿寫(xiě)的主要目的是讓學(xué)生鞏固和使用語(yǔ)言素材的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu),在使用中吸收語(yǔ)言。

[案例]

If and When were planted, and nothing grew是一篇用舉例法來(lái)證明觀點(diǎn)的文章(見(jiàn)表1)。文章前三段分別舉了三個(gè)例子:Karen 不喜歡自己的房子,想等度假回來(lái)再換房子;Sam討厭他的工作,他總說(shuō)等自己參加的攝影課程結(jié)束了就換工作;Harry因身體不支總想提前退休,公司也同意了,但他擔(dān)心退休金會(huì)少。一年以后他們?nèi)诉€保持原狀,生活沒(méi)有任何改變。第四段和第五段點(diǎn)出了主題“光說(shuō)不做,不播種,不收獲”。

上課時(shí),教師首先讓學(xué)生討論如何理解“If and When were planted, and nothing grew.”這一諺語(yǔ),導(dǎo)入話(huà)題。精讀環(huán)節(jié)讓學(xué)生通過(guò)標(biāo)注段落對(duì)文本有個(gè)宏觀認(rèn)識(shí),之后兩個(gè)人一組討論每段的精彩表達(dá)(Beautiful expressions),并針對(duì)每段內(nèi)容各提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題(Questions)。在討論完后,學(xué)生把表達(dá)和問(wèn)題寫(xiě)在黑板上教師提前設(shè)計(jì)好的兩個(gè)思維導(dǎo)圖中(見(jiàn)圖2),然后用思維導(dǎo)圖梳理整個(gè)文本中好的表達(dá)方式,并回答問(wèn)題,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)文本的深入理解。寫(xiě)作部分教師讓學(xué)生討論作者的寫(xiě)作目的以及為了實(shí)現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作目的作者是如何做的。學(xué)生總結(jié)出作者使用了“舉例子”的方法,教師接著讓學(xué)生再舉一個(gè)生活中的例子,與同伴討論并寫(xiě)下來(lái),然后用多媒體展示學(xué)生作品。如圖3所示學(xué)生作品,共包含兩個(gè)自然段,第一段介紹了學(xué)生自己讀書(shū)的實(shí)例,第二段點(diǎn)明文章中心句“Life is too short for ifs and whens”。

2.縮寫(xiě)

讀后縮寫(xiě)的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)與讀后改寫(xiě)的有些相似,其訓(xùn)練和考查的也是學(xué)生對(duì)文本主旨大意和文本結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力。和改寫(xiě)活動(dòng)相比,縮寫(xiě)活動(dòng)更要求學(xué)生對(duì)文本的關(guān)鍵性信息處理得體到位,需要學(xué)生在反復(fù)研讀文本后用極具概括性的語(yǔ)言形式來(lái)完成。同時(shí),在縮寫(xiě)的過(guò)程中,學(xué)生只有抓住作者的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng),明確其態(tài)度,才能用簡(jiǎn)短精辟的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)寫(xiě)作者的意圖。

對(duì)于故事情節(jié)較長(zhǎng)且生動(dòng)、語(yǔ)言豐富的文章或是小說(shuō),教師就可以讓學(xué)生縮寫(xiě)??s寫(xiě)時(shí)學(xué)生既要關(guān)注文章的內(nèi)容,又要組織語(yǔ)言,從而達(dá)成對(duì)文本準(zhǔn)確、深入的理解。

[案例]

外研版《英語(yǔ)》(新標(biāo)準(zhǔn))九年級(jí)上冊(cè)Module 7 English for you and me課文Who Owns English?共有五個(gè)段落,分別介紹了英語(yǔ)使用群體、占世界人口四分之一的人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的原因、英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展歷史、英語(yǔ)與中國(guó)的關(guān)系,最后一段回答了“Who owns English?”這個(gè)問(wèn)題。這篇文章較為抽象,教師讓學(xué)生用思維導(dǎo)圖梳理文章脈絡(luò),通過(guò)縮寫(xiě)提取文章主要信息(見(jiàn)圖4)。3.續(xù)寫(xiě)

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)不僅是對(duì)學(xué)生思維擴(kuò)展的訓(xùn)練,還可以進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用、段落安排、內(nèi)容編排等能力,因?yàn)槔m(xù)寫(xiě)不太受原素材的限制,是限定寫(xiě)作向自由寫(xiě)作的過(guò)渡。在這樣的寫(xiě)作活動(dòng)中,學(xué)生可以發(fā)揮想象,盡情地享受創(chuàng)作的樂(lè)趣。

[案例]

Never too late講述的是一位老太太堅(jiān)持夢(mèng)想,拼搏奮進(jìn),最終考上大學(xué)的故事。文章約350詞,故事情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單,但非常激勵(lì)人心,語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)較多且包含了很多人生感悟,是一篇非常值得欣賞的作品。但由于文章包含的哲理性話(huà)語(yǔ)較多,會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生造成一定的理解困難,因此課堂上教師會(huì)通過(guò)問(wèn)題引導(dǎo)和組織小組合作的方法突破其理解障礙,幫助學(xué)生理解文本內(nèi)容。

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)理解文本、總結(jié)文本寫(xiě)作目的、完成讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的教學(xué)目標(biāo),教師將原有文本作了如下修改:

(1)原文標(biāo)題為Never too late,教師想要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)讓學(xué)生給文本配標(biāo)題的活動(dòng),故刪除了原文本標(biāo)題。

(2)原文本老人的演講是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的段落,演講中提到的“四個(gè)秘訣”界限不明晰,比較影響學(xué)生閱讀效率,因此將四個(gè)秘訣單獨(dú)列出。

(3)文本最后一段寫(xiě)的是“老人大學(xué)畢業(yè)后一周去世了,超過(guò)兩千多名大學(xué)生參加了她的葬禮”,最后一句點(diǎn)明本文中心“never too late”。因?yàn)榻處熞呀?jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了給文本配標(biāo)題的任務(wù),且作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的是 What would happen to the old lady next?基于以上兩個(gè)任務(wù),教師刪除了文本最后一段。

修改后的文章,文本結(jié)構(gòu)比較規(guī)范。四個(gè)段落的核心主題分別為:an old lady, a dream, a time machine, a speech and four secrets(見(jiàn)表2)。

這樣,學(xué)生展開(kāi)了想象的翅膀:有的學(xué)生寫(xiě)老太太畢業(yè)后成為一名老師;還有的學(xué)生說(shuō)老太太成為職業(yè)演講家,每年有多場(chǎng)演講,把自己的成長(zhǎng)故事跟更多的人分享;還有的學(xué)生細(xì)致描寫(xiě)了大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講之后老太太途中遇到交通事故,但在住院期間她堅(jiān)持寫(xiě)作,將自己的經(jīng)歷寫(xiě)成了書(shū)……(見(jiàn)表3)。

4.自由寫(xiě)作

自由寫(xiě)作是較常見(jiàn)的一種寫(xiě)作活動(dòng)。在閱讀教學(xué)中,自由寫(xiě)作有助于學(xué)生反復(fù)通讀文本,對(duì)有價(jià)值的信息進(jìn)行整合、重構(gòu),并能與自己先前的知識(shí)背景聯(lián)系起來(lái),對(duì)讀到的各種信息進(jìn)行識(shí)別、梳理和歸納,重建文本的結(jié)構(gòu)框架,或者針對(duì)文本內(nèi)容形成自己的觀點(diǎn)等。

[案例1]

2018年北京市豐臺(tái)區(qū)九年級(jí)一模閱讀理解D篇是一篇議論文(見(jiàn)附文),主要講述男女同在一個(gè)隊(duì)訓(xùn)練能使女孩stronger, tougher, faster and more powerful,可以提高女孩的技能和自信,而且能避免性別刻板印象。讀后寫(xiě)作題目為:Would you like to play sports with boys / girls on the same team? And why?學(xué)生需要準(zhǔn)確理解文本,用文本中的信息來(lái)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),達(dá)到真正使用語(yǔ)言的目的。

[案例2]

2017年北京市西城區(qū)九年級(jí)二模閱讀理解D篇Books vs. e-books: The science behind the best way to read(見(jiàn)附文),作者客觀地論述了人們對(duì)電子書(shū)和紙制書(shū)所持的不同觀點(diǎn):有的人認(rèn)為電子書(shū)攜帶方便,甚至能輕松擁有整個(gè)圖書(shū)館的書(shū)籍;有的人喜歡紙質(zhì)書(shū),認(rèn)為讀紙質(zhì)書(shū)可以提高記憶力,尤其對(duì)睡眠、視力不好的人來(lái)說(shuō)讀紙質(zhì)書(shū)更有利。但作者在文末并沒(méi)有表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)完這篇文章后,給學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的寫(xiě)作題目是:Books and E-books, which one do you prefer? And why?讀后寫(xiě)作為學(xué)生提供了一個(gè)將所學(xué)內(nèi)容與自己的生活、學(xué)習(xí)、思維聯(lián)系在一起的機(jī)會(huì)。

[案例3]

2017年北京市東城區(qū)九年級(jí)二模閱讀理解D篇Do Schools Have the Right to Monitor students Online Activity?(見(jiàn)附文),文章第一段提出問(wèn)題:某學(xué)生因在社交媒體發(fā)布不得體言論遭到學(xué)校的干涉。接著作者分別列出了兩名記者和兩名老師的觀點(diǎn),他們有的不同意學(xué)校監(jiān)控學(xué)生的社交媒體,認(rèn)為這是侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人隱私;有的表示支持,認(rèn)為這樣可以避免校園欺凌,而且社交媒體本來(lái)就是公開(kāi)的,學(xué)校監(jiān)督也不是侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人隱私。最后作者表達(dá)了自己的觀點(diǎn):為了避免學(xué)生在社交媒體發(fā)表不得體的議論、產(chǎn)生不良后果,學(xué)校還是有權(quán)監(jiān)控的。課后寫(xiě)作題目是:Do you think schools have the right to monitor students online activity? 學(xué)生在完成寫(xiě)作的同時(shí)既能對(duì)文本內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行深入挖掘,又能把自己的觀點(diǎn)融入寫(xiě)作中。

通過(guò)讀后寫(xiě)作,學(xué)生能夠深入了解文本的意義,同時(shí)學(xué)生的批判性思維也得到了培養(yǎng)。讀后寫(xiě)作讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)了質(zhì)疑、思考和判斷,這就是閱讀帶來(lái)的真正價(jià)值和意義(鄭鋼,2019)。

讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)提高語(yǔ)篇理解能力的促進(jìn)作用

反饋(feedback)是在教師和學(xué)生之間建立起信息閉環(huán),能夠幫助學(xué)生了解自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況(馬扎諾,2018)。對(duì)于“讀后寫(xiě)作是否有利于學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的精準(zhǔn)理解”,筆者進(jìn)行了三個(gè)維度的調(diào)查:

1.讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)閱讀習(xí)慣的影響

通過(guò)對(duì)46名學(xué)生進(jìn)行多選問(wèn)卷調(diào)查(見(jiàn)表4)不難看出,因?yàn)橛凶x后寫(xiě)作的任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng),學(xué)生的閱讀習(xí)慣發(fā)生了很大變化。在閱讀中更多的學(xué)生愿意圈畫(huà)或記錄有用的短語(yǔ)或句型;在閱讀中會(huì)自然地將文本內(nèi)容與自己的實(shí)際情況聯(lián)結(jié)在一起,產(chǎn)生自己的觀點(diǎn),從而為讀后寫(xiě)作打下基礎(chǔ)。此外,由于寫(xiě)作時(shí)還會(huì)用到文本中的內(nèi)容,很多學(xué)生會(huì)主動(dòng)再次閱讀文本,這必然會(huì)加深其對(duì)文本的理解。讀后寫(xiě)作促使學(xué)生形成重讀文本、深度理解文本的閱讀習(xí)慣。

2.讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)閱讀主動(dòng)性的影響

針對(duì)讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)閱讀是否有影響這一問(wèn)題,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了如下訪(fǎng)談:

你覺(jué)得寫(xiě)作可以促使你去閱讀嗎?如果可以,你最喜歡哪種寫(xiě)作方式(續(xù)寫(xiě)、仿寫(xiě)、縮寫(xiě)、自由寫(xiě)作)?

在被調(diào)查的46名學(xué)生中,有32名學(xué)生認(rèn)為寫(xiě)作可以促使自己去閱讀。這32名學(xué)生中大多數(shù)學(xué)生表現(xiàn)出對(duì)自由寫(xiě)作更感興趣,而不太喜歡縮寫(xiě)(見(jiàn)圖5)。這是因?yàn)樽杂蓪?xiě)作可以比較全面地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。

3.讀后寫(xiě)作對(duì)后續(xù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的影響

寫(xiě)作在一定程度上可以算作是閱讀的終點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)篇理解能力其實(shí)關(guān)乎三件事:第一是在眾多的信息中能找到、甄別和確定所需要的信息,這就是所謂的信息收集能力;第二是能夠結(jié)合個(gè)體的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和情況,與文本開(kāi)展對(duì)話(huà),挖掘文本所蘊(yùn)含的意義;第三是生成屬于自己的思想、觀點(diǎn)、文字等,是一種應(yīng)用和創(chuàng)新的能力(鄭鋼,2019)。當(dāng)學(xué)生形成一定的閱讀習(xí)慣和閱讀素養(yǎng)后,教師可以為他們后續(xù)更有難度的學(xué)習(xí)提供方法論支持,幫助他們完成更復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。

小結(jié)

通對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀習(xí)慣和閱讀主動(dòng)性的調(diào)查,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)讀后寫(xiě)作在一定程度上激發(fā)了學(xué)生的閱讀興趣、提高了學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力。學(xué)生從寫(xiě)作到閱讀遷移的過(guò)程中,是通過(guò)詞與詞、句與句之間的連接,用段落的形式傳達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。這種從文章整體出發(fā)、以語(yǔ)篇單位為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)文章進(jìn)行分析、推理、歸納和總結(jié)的寫(xiě)作思維過(guò)程,反過(guò)來(lái)影響了學(xué)生在閱讀中對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的分析能力和理解能力。讀后寫(xiě)作以寫(xiě)為出發(fā)點(diǎn)、以讀為落腳點(diǎn),符合學(xué)生語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)識(shí)和心理發(fā)展的規(guī)律,有利于促進(jìn)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作和閱讀思維的發(fā)展。

讀后寫(xiě)作如同幫學(xué)生提高語(yǔ)篇理解能力的“法”,當(dāng)這種“法”成為他們的習(xí)慣的時(shí)候,就形成了“道”,這種“道”就是閱讀素養(yǎng)。閱讀和寫(xiě)作中要以“道”引路,以“法”行路(鄭鋼,2019)。這種思路適用于讀小說(shuō)、傳記、歷史、科學(xué)等多種文本。

參考文獻(xiàn)

CERA中閱院播種閱讀. Allington和Gabriel專(zhuān)門(mén)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)閱讀指導(dǎo)研究總結(jié)出學(xué)生每天必接受的6項(xiàng)指導(dǎo)[J/OL].(2012-3)[2018-4-10]. https:// baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1597240384199590252& wfr=spider&for=pc

Fitzgerald, J. & Shanahan, T. 2000. Reading and Writing Relations and Their Development [J]. Educational Psychologist, 35(1): 39—50

韓銀燕. 2004.新課程背景下高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)策略的調(diào)整[J]. 現(xiàn)代中小學(xué)教育, (5): 28—29

黃國(guó)文. 1988.語(yǔ)篇分析概要[M].湖南:湖南教育出版社.

羅伯特·J.馬扎諾. 2018.新教學(xué)藝術(shù)與科學(xué)[M].盛群力等譯.福州: 福建教育出版社.

鄭鋼. 2019.怎樣讓學(xué)生愛(ài)上閱讀[M]. 上海: 華東師范大學(xué)出版社.

中華人民共和國(guó)教育部. 2018. 普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)[S].北京:人民教育出版社.

倪文娟,北京市骨干教師,北京師范大學(xué)朝陽(yáng)附屬學(xué)校英語(yǔ)教研組長(zhǎng)。

附文

2018年北京市豐臺(tái)區(qū)九年級(jí)一模閱讀理解D篇

There is an argument about whether or not boys and girls should be able to play sports on the same team. This can be a particularly tricky argument, but in the end, the benefits of coed (男女同校) sports outweigh any negative aspects.

“It is a well-known fact that boys are built to be stronger and bigger than girls. However, that does not mean that girls are too fragile (易碎的) to play sports with boys,” says Madeline R. Shes right. Boys are naturally built to be stronger, but girls can still compete with boys. In 2013, over 1,500 girls played boy football, and some were the best on their team.

Both boys and girls can gain skills from playing with and against the opposite gender (性別). A girl playing sports with boys will help the girl improve, making her stronger, tougher, faster, and more powerful as an athlete than she would have been playing with girls. Boys can also gain new skills from girls, becoming more agile and flexible (靈活的).

Playing in coed sports might not be for every girl; some might be more comfortable playing sports with the same gender. But for the girls that have the physical ability, sports skills, confidence, and desire to compete with boys should have the choice to play coed. During an interview, Katie Smith, a Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) star, talked about how she always played with boys when she was young. She recognized early on that boys provided her with the best competition to improve her skills.

There are many social benefits, too. According to Laura E. Berk, a child psychologist, sometime kids aged between 9 and 11 will begin to develop gender stereotypes (性別刻板印象). Playing coed sports can help prevent gender stereotypes, and learning to view the opposite gender as a friend and not something frightening is something that can be useful throughout life.

It increases a girls confidence level, too. Letting girls compete with boys enhances their view of themselves and makes them more flexible. “Sports for girls have many benefits, including better grades, better body image, less depression and a higher chance of graduating from high school,” says Leigh R. Shes right, and the improvement in all of these areas will increase if girls can play with and against boys.

These are all reasons why boys and girls should be able to play sports together on the same team. While it might not be for everyone, there are definitely people out there that are looking to improve their game, and coed sports is an excellent way to do that.

2017年北京市西城區(qū)九年級(jí)二模閱讀理解D篇

Books vs. e-books: The science behind the best way to read

While you are at the bookstore, you may be faced a difficult decision: e-books or the old-fashioned kind? Each one has its pros and cons, and making the best decision depends on a number of factors (因素).

Some of the practical advantages of going digital are obvious: An e-reader can carry a whole library wherever you go, which is great for travelers or those who always want a choice of reading material. On the other hand, research shows that reading on paper has a number of benefits, too. Some people absolutely love the look, smell, and the feel of the classical book held in the hand. Other people may be adventurous when it comes to digital things, and so giving the gift of an e-reader can be a life experience for them.

Heres a look at some of the science to consider before you buy a kindle or some new hand covers.

Young, unwilling readers prefer e-readers

A 2014 study published in the journal Library & Information Science Research found that out of 142 10th grade students, most preferred e-readers. An e-reader has more in common with the electronic devices (設(shè)備) that young people use all the time, like smart phones or iPads, than a paper book.

Reading on paper may improve memory

Several small studies suggest that reading on paper instead of an electronic screen is better for memory and focus. When you read on paper you can sense with your fingers a pile of pages on the left growing, and shrinking (減少) on the right. You have the visible sense of progress. Perhaps this somehow helps the reader as they progress through the story.

Paper suits readers with sleep problems and poor eyesight

High levels of screen brightness from an electronic device can cause eye problems. There are also possible considerations for those reading e-books at night. Artificial light (人造光源) from e-readers may interfere with users ability to sleep, leading to health problems and tiredness the following day.

A love for books

Many books-lovers still prefer traditional books and value the feeling of a regular paper book. Paper books are, as a rule, very well designed, they look and smell good, and they carry with them a more human touch. In the end, avid (熱衷的) readers prefer reading on paper. Perhaps, this is their choice because traditional books give them a sense of ownership, rather than just simply using something.

2017年北京市東城區(qū)九年級(jí)二模閱讀理解D篇

Do Schools Have the Right to Monitor (監(jiān)控) Students Online Activity?

When you post a message on a social networking site, you probably dont expect your teacher or schoolmate to read it. A 12-year-old girl in Minnesota didnt expect that, either. She wrote an angry message about a classmate on her Facebook page. When teachers read that and other inappropriate (不恰當(dāng)?shù)模﹎essages written by the student, the school ordered her to give them her password. This is one of several recent cases (案例) in which schools have punished students for bad online behaviour outside of school.

Akash Bagaria, a reporter of Current Events doesnt think schools have the right to monitor what students do online outside of school. “It is an invasion (侵犯) of privacy and breaks the freedom of speech. Imagine teachers checking students mobile phones or spying on (窺探)their after-school conversations. Tracking (追蹤) students on the Internet is basically the same thing. ”

Maria Shepard, a teacher at Princeton Day School in New Jersey, agrees, “If the communication tool is not school-owned and is not being used at school, schools should not monitor a students online activity...If a serious problem happens, the students parents could manage it.”

Joseph Manne, another reporter of Current Events believes schools have the right to monitor students online activity.“Inappropriate online activity often comes in the from of cyberbullying (網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌). Fourteen states have passed laws against cyberbullying, and other states are considering them. If a school catches a student bullying someone online before the police do, the student may not get involved in more serious trouble.”

“Whats more, school should have the right to punish students for online activity because doing so might save lives. If a student is bothering (招惹) another student, the school could deal with the problem before the argument gets physical. ”

Peter Ivancic, a teacher from Haverhill, Massachusetts, agrees. “If the students have done something worth taking the social networking site password, of course the school should take it,” he says.

From my point of view, schools do have a responsibility to keep track of what students are doing online. Does it mean an invasion of a students privacy? Most students I speak with are clear enough to realize that what they post in public spaces online is open for anyone to see. And they know that schools are looking, too.

But most of all, young people need to learn that when they post something on the Internet, there are consequences (后果). They should not be misbehaving on social networking sites in the first place.

以上有關(guān)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí):讀后寫(xiě)作提高初中生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇理解能力的實(shí)踐探究的內(nèi)容,來(lái)自《英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)》雜志。


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