新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭手法有哪些?新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭—轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

對(duì)于新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，它是具有修辭性的，這也是新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)的一種表達(dá)方式，那么新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭手法有哪些?新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭—轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻是怎樣的呢?今天就給大家具體介紹下。

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭研究

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇具有修辭性。廣義上講,新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的修辭性表現(xiàn)在:新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)在實(shí)現(xiàn)新聞信息交流的過(guò)程中,如何傳遞新聞價(jià)值,如何勸說(shuō)讀者接受新聞所報(bào)道的一切。

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭

為了達(dá)到勸說(shuō)的目的,修辭學(xué)常使用三種勸說(shuō)模式:邏輯訴求,情感訴求及道德訴求。“主題”被認(rèn)為是為實(shí)現(xiàn)三種勸說(shuō)模式挖掘材料,發(fā)展段落的有效途徑。勸說(shuō)性語(yǔ)篇須遵循兩大準(zhǔn)則:語(yǔ)篇組織形式及風(fēng)格。前者指語(yǔ)篇的宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu),后者指選詞,句法及修辭手段?，F(xiàn)代修辭學(xué)家博克遵從古修辭學(xué)的語(yǔ)篇?jiǎng)裾f(shuō)研究的傳統(tǒng),提出了五要素分析法,揭示了隱含在語(yǔ)篇中的勸說(shuō)目的,為進(jìn)一步分析“語(yǔ)篇?jiǎng)裾f(shuō)功能”提供了理論依據(jù)。

這6種新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭手法很常用!

1. 明喻Simile / s m l /

明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比。說(shuō)明本體事物“像”喻體事物，在本體和喻體之間存在明顯的喻詞，例如like, as, as if, as though, as…as…, seem, similar to, such as等等。

舉例1：詞組

to spend money like water 揮金如土

as hard as a rock 堅(jiān)如磬石

as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一樣忙碌

as clear as crystal清如水晶

舉例2：句子

(1)He drove as if possessed by the devil.

他著魔似地駕車(chē)狂奔。

(2)It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.

它那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的葉子在風(fēng)中擺動(dòng)，好像伸出纖細(xì)的手指去觸摸什么東西似的。

其實(shí)，明喻不僅能應(yīng)用在文學(xué)類(lèi)著作，也能應(yīng)用在科技類(lèi)論著中，把抽象事物具體化，把深?yuàn)W的道理說(shuō)得通俗易懂。

例句：

Bacteria are so small that a single round one of a common type is about 1/25,000 of an inch across when these bacteria are magnified 1,000 times, they look only as large as a pencil point.

細(xì)菌是這樣小，一種普通類(lèi)型的圓形細(xì)菌直徑大約只有1/25,000英寸。這種細(xì)菌放大一千倍看起來(lái)也只有鉛筆尖那么大。

2. 隱喻/暗喻Metaphor / m t f /

隱喻/暗喻，是根據(jù)兩個(gè)事物的某些共同特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物，本體和喻體間沒(méi)有明顯的比喻詞，但常常用be來(lái)做連接，也可以將be理解為喻詞，有時(shí)也會(huì)用become, turn into等詞，是指在暗中打比方。

舉例1：隱喻成語(yǔ)

to teach fish to swim班門(mén)弄斧

to plow the sands白費(fèi)力氣

between the devil and the deep sea進(jìn)退兩難

舉例2：句子

(1)He has a heart of stone.

他鐵石心腸。

(2)Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

希望是一頓豐盛的早餐，但它是一頓糟糕的晚餐。

(3)Jane’ s uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils.

簡(jiǎn)的叔叔是個(gè)老狐貍，什么壞事都干的出來(lái)。

3. 擬人Personification /p r sɑ n f ke n/

所謂擬人，就是把生命賦予無(wú)生命的事物，例如將人的特點(diǎn)加于事物之上。擬人法運(yùn)用得好，不僅使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)得生動(dòng)、有力，而且給人以親切、實(shí)在的感受。

舉例1：將事物擬人

How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!

時(shí)間，這個(gè)盜竊青春的狡猾的小偷，盜竊了我二十又三年!(把時(shí)間比擬成小偷)

Necessity is the mother of invention.

需要乃是發(fā)明之母。(將需求比擬成母親)

舉例2：把動(dòng)物擬人

I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.

我很高興能聽(tīng)到鳥(niǎo)兒在樹(shù)林里歌唱。(將動(dòng)物的叫聲比擬人在唱歌)

4. 夸張Hyperbole /ha p b l /

夸張，就是把事物的特征有意地加以夸大或縮小，即“言過(guò)其實(shí)”，可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。英語(yǔ)中夸張手法應(yīng)用極為頻繁，主要用于突出事物的本質(zhì)特征，給人強(qiáng)烈印象或警悟、啟發(fā)。

舉例：

She is the prettiest girl in the world.

她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。

The older man lived a year in a minute.

老人度日如年。

My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.

從電話(huà)里一聽(tīng)到我女兒的聲音，我的心幾乎停止跳動(dòng)。

5. 反語(yǔ)Irony / a r ni/

反語(yǔ)，顧名思義就是說(shuō)反話(huà)，而反語(yǔ)最常用的類(lèi)型稱(chēng)為Verbal Irony(詞語(yǔ)反語(yǔ))，另外還有Dramatic Irony(戲劇性反語(yǔ))和Situational Irony(情景反語(yǔ))。

其中，Verbal Irony指的是用詞語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)法手段表示明顯的反義。

舉例：

Now, he had not even a penny with him and did not have to think about what to eat for lunch, wonderful!

現(xiàn)在他一名不文，也不必操心午飯吃什么，真棒!(實(shí)際意義：wonderful意為真糟糕)

第二，Dramatic Irony多用于小說(shuō)中的描述和戲劇中人物的表演，例如講話(huà)人是實(shí)話(huà)，但與實(shí)際情況相反;又或者是講話(huà)人是實(shí)話(huà)，但聽(tīng)者理解相反。

舉例：

-I hope Tom is better off where he is, but if he’d been better in some way.

-Sid, not a word against my Tom, now that he’s gone.

-我多希望湯姆現(xiàn)在在另一個(gè)世界更舒服些，不過(guò)他從前有些地方要不是那么頑皮就好了。

-席德，我的湯姆已經(jīng)過(guò)世了，不許說(shuō)他的壞話(huà)。

解析：這是席德和波利阿姨的談話(huà)，他們倆都以為湯姆過(guò)世了，但讀者知道，情況正好相反，因?yàn)闇凡](méi)有死，而這時(shí)候他正躺在床底偷聽(tīng)。

第三，Situational Irony指由于事態(tài)發(fā)展違反常理，同某人原來(lái)的意料或期待相反而造成的一種嘲弄。

舉例：

It would be a fine thing; indeed, not knowing what time it was in the morning.

早上沒(méi)有時(shí)間觀念還真是一件好事啊。(實(shí)際意義：要明確早上的時(shí)間觀念)

This skirt doesn't suit her because it makes her waist as slender in the middle as a cow.

這裙子不適合她，因?yàn)轱@得她腰細(xì)如牛。(實(shí)際意義：腰粗如牛)

6. 雙關(guān)Pun /p n/

雙關(guān)，利用一個(gè)詞或詞組的雙重含義，巧妙地把兩個(gè)不相關(guān)的事物關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)，達(dá)成“一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)”的目的，達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果。它主要以詞的諧音、詞的多義或歧義的方式出現(xiàn)。

舉例1：語(yǔ)意歧解雙關(guān)homophones

-Waiter, will the pancakes be long?

-No, sir. It’s round.

解析：顧客使用的long指的是時(shí)間的漫長(zhǎng)，而服務(wù)生卻把它曲解為(形狀的)“長(zhǎng)形”，產(chǎn)生了一些趣味。

舉例2：同音異義雙關(guān) homonyms

Seven days without water makes one weak.

七天不進(jìn)水，人就會(huì)虛弱。

解析：這里的“weak”和“week”是同音異義詞，因此這句話(huà)聽(tīng)起來(lái)可以理解為：Seven days without water makes one week.

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭

解密新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭——轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭無(wú)處不在。

一首節(jié)奏感很強(qiáng)的英文詩(shī)，它十有八九使用了頭韻(alliteration) 或尾韻(rhyme) ;

一篇英文演講，它很可能為了突出氣勢(shì)，八成運(yùn)用了排比(parallelism);

而一本英文童話(huà)，它或許少不了明喻 (simile)、暗喻 (metaphor) 和擬人 (personification) 的點(diǎn)綴。

哪怕你不讀英美文學(xué)作品，肯定也要看新聞，而新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中就包含一些我們看似熟悉但卻陌生的修辭，比如轉(zhuǎn)喻(metonymy) 和提喻(synecdoche) 。

一、轉(zhuǎn)喻

關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)喻，維基百科的解釋是：

Metonymyis a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.

The location of a capital is often used as a metonym for a government or other official institutions—for example: Brussels for the institutions of the European Union, The Hague for the International Court of Justice, Nairobi for the government of Kenya, Washington, D.C., for the federal government of the United States, or Beacon Hill for the government of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. A place can represent an entire industry: for instance Wall Street is often used metonymically to describe the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector. Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms: red tape can stand for bureaucracy, whether or not that bureaucracy actually uses red tape to bind documents. In Commonwealth realms, The Crown is a metonym for the state in all its aspects.

Synecdoche and metalepsis are considered specific types of metonymy.(Wikipedia)

上述英文主要包含以下三點(diǎn)：

① 定義：轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy) 修辭是用一名稱(chēng)來(lái)指代與之密切相關(guān)的事物或概念;

② 表現(xiàn)形式：

? 首都 (府) 所在位置 → 政府或其他機(jī)構(gòu)

? 某個(gè)地點(diǎn) → 整個(gè)行業(yè)

? 普通名詞或詞組 → 相關(guān)事物或概念

③ 分類(lèi)：提喻 (Synecdoche)、進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)喻法 (metalepsis)

文中舉了常見(jiàn)的8個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)喻例子，不妨記下：

Brussels(布魯塞爾) = the institutions of the European Union(歐盟各主要機(jī)構(gòu))

The Hague(海牙)= the International Court of Justice(國(guó)際法庭)

Nairobi(內(nèi)羅比) =the government of Kenya(肯尼亞政府)

Washington, D.C.= the federal government of the United States

Beacon Hill(波士頓燈塔山)= the government of the U.S. state of Massachusetts

Wall Street= the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector

red tape(捆扎公文的紅色帶子) = bureaucracy

The Crown= the state in all its respects (英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家整體)

小結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)喻用一名稱(chēng)來(lái)指代相關(guān)事物，通常表現(xiàn)為：首都→政府，地點(diǎn)→相關(guān)行業(yè)等。

二、提喻

上文中提到，轉(zhuǎn)喻包含提喻，但兩者仍存在一定區(qū)別。請(qǐng)看：

A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa. A synecdoche is a class of metonymy, often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts. Examples from common English expressions include "bread and butter" (for "livelihood"), "suits" (for "businessmen"), and "boots" (for "soldiers") (pars pro toto), or conversely "America" (for "the United States of America") (totum pro parte).

The use of government buildings to refer to their occupant(s) is on the border between synecdoche and metonymy. "The Pentagon" for the United States Department of Defense can be considered synecdoche, as the building can be considered part of the department. "No. 10" for the British Prime Minister can be counted as metonymy, since the building is not part of the person, but using "No. 10" to mean "the Office of the Prime Minister" is synecdoche. (Wikipedia)

這兩段主要說(shuō)明了：

① 定義：提喻 (synecdoche) 修辭是以局部代表整體，或以整體代表部分。

② 表現(xiàn)形式：政府建筑→政府建筑的居住者

五角大樓 (The Pentagon) = 美國(guó)國(guó)防部 (the United States Department of Defense)

唐寧街十號(hào)(No. 10) = 英國(guó)首相辦公室 (the Office of the Prime Minister)

注：以“唐寧街十號(hào)”指代“英國(guó)首相”，則為轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy) ，而非提喻 (synecdoche)，因?yàn)樵摻ㄖ⒉皇鞘紫嗟囊徊糠帧?/p>

小結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)喻與提喻的區(qū)別是：轉(zhuǎn)喻強(qiáng)調(diào)相關(guān)性，而提喻側(cè)重整體與部分的關(guān)系。

通過(guò)以上的內(nèi)容，大家已經(jīng)了解了新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭手法了，可見(jiàn)，新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)修辭手法是有很多的，每一種都是非常重要的，大家要認(rèn)真的領(lǐng)會(huì)。