劃重點(diǎn)：英語(yǔ)里最常見的6種時(shí)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中有六個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)和兩種語(yǔ)體。參考時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)體，我們可以在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中談?wù)撓铝薪Y(jié)構(gòu)。
注意：進(jìn)行體也被稱為連續(xù)體。
1
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)+一般體)
Present Simple (present tense + common aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形
注：對(duì)于第三人稱單數(shù)(他/她/它)，要在動(dòng)詞原形后加“s”
I/ You/ We/ They work in a bank.
我/你/我們/他們?cè)阢y行工作。
He/ She works in a bank.
他/她在銀行工作。
否定句：主語(yǔ)+don’t/ doesn’t+動(dòng)詞原形
I/ You/ We/ They don’t (do not) work.
我/你/我們/他們不工作。
He/ She/ It doesn’t (does not) work.
他/她/它不工作。
疑問句：疑問詞+助動(dòng)詞do/does+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形
Where do I/ you/we/they work?
我/你/我們/他們?cè)谀睦锕ぷ?
Where does he/ she work?
他/她在哪里工作?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Usual, regular action
經(jīng)常，規(guī)律的行為
I usually go fishing at weekends. I don’t go fishing at weekends. Do I go fishing at weekends?
我通常在周末去釣魚。我周末不去釣魚。我周末去釣魚嗎?
She never puts milk in her tea. She doesn’t put milk in her tea. Does she ever put milk in her tea?
她從不把牛奶放進(jìn)茶里。她不把牛奶放在茶里。她把牛奶放進(jìn)茶里了嗎?
We sometimes go to the cinema on Friday. We don’t go to the cinema on Friday. Do we go to the cinema on Fridays?
我們有時(shí)星期五去看電影。我們星期五不去看電影。我們星期五去看電影嗎?
They never walk in the wood. They don’t walk in the wood. Do they walk in the wood?
他們從不在樹林里散步。他們不在樹林里散步。他們?cè)跇淞掷锷⒉絾?
General existence; stating a fact:
普遍存在;陳述事實(shí)：
An ostrich has two legs. A rabbit doesn’t have two legs. How many legs does a spider have?
鴕鳥有兩條腿。兔子沒有兩只腿。蜘蛛有多少條腿?
The earth goes round the sun. The sun doesn’t go round the earth. Does the moon go round the earth?
地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。太陽(yáng)不會(huì)繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)嗎?
Water is liquid at room temperature. Gold isn’t liquid at room temperature. Is gold solid at room temperature?
水在室溫下是液態(tài)的。黃金在室溫下不是液態(tài)的。金子在室溫下是固體的嗎?
Dramatic narrative (theatre, sports, etc. events):
戲劇性的敘述(戲劇、體育等)：
Johnson takes the ball, he bounces it to the floor, then he throws and scores two points.
約翰遜拿到球，他把球反彈到地板上，然后投了兩分。
Timetables
時(shí)間表
The train leaves at half past four. The train doesn’t leave at five. What time does the train leave?
火車四點(diǎn)半發(fā)車，可是現(xiàn)在五點(diǎn)了還不開?；疖囀裁磿r(shí)候發(fā)車?
The course starts on 1 July. The course doesn’t start in June. When does the course start?
課程從7月1號(hào)開始，六月份這個(gè)課還沒開課呢。課程什么時(shí)候開始?
2
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在時(shí)+進(jìn)行體)
Present Progressive (present tense + progressive aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞ing形式
You are cooking.
你正在做飯。
否定句：主語(yǔ)+be not+動(dòng)詞ing形式
You aren’t (are not) cooking.
你沒在做飯。
疑問句：疑問詞+ be動(dòng)詞 +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞ing形式
What are you cooking?
你正在做什么飯?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Action happening now:
表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
I’m watching a film on TV now. I‘m not watching a film. Am I watching a film?
我正在看電視上的電影。我現(xiàn)在沒在看電影。我正在看電影嗎?
Watch out, a car’s coming. It isn’t not coming. Is it coming?
當(dāng)心，汽車要來了。汽車沒來。汽車要來了嗎?
The boys are sleeping upstairs. They boys aren’t sleeping upstairs. Are the boys sleeping upstairs?
孩子們正在樓上睡覺。孩子們沒在樓上睡覺。孩子們正在樓上睡覺嗎?
Action happening about this time, but not necessarily now:
表示最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的行為，不一定是現(xiàn)在正在做的。
He‘s studying Spanish and German. He‘s not studying French. What languages is he studying?
他在學(xué)習(xí)西班牙語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)。他沒在學(xué)法語(yǔ)。他在學(xué)習(xí)什么語(yǔ)言?
They‘re going to a business course. They aren’t going to a cooking course. What course are they going to?
他們要去上商業(yè)課。他們沒去上烹飪課。他們要去上什么課?
Definite arrangement in the near future:
表示近期內(nèi)的明確安排：
I‘m travelling to Paris tomorrow. I‘m not travelling to Paris tomorrow. Am I travelling to Paris tomorrow?
我明天要去巴黎旅行。我明天不去巴黎旅行。我明天要去巴黎旅行嗎?
You‘re going to Italy on holiday this year, aren’t you? You aren’t going to Greece. Where are you going on holiday this year?
你今年要去意大利度假，不是嗎?你不打算去希臘。今年你打算去哪里度假?
3
一般過去時(shí)(過去時(shí)態(tài)+一般體)
Past Simple (past tense + common aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞一般過去式
I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ They lived in London ten years ago.
十年前，我/你/他/她/它/我們/他們生活在倫敦。
否定句：主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞didn't+動(dòng)詞原形
I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ They didn’t like the film.
我/你/他/她/它/我們/他們不喜歡這個(gè)電影。
疑問句：疑問詞+did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形
Where did I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they meet Richard?
在哪里我/你/他/她/它/我們/他們遇見的理查德?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Actions, events in the past:
表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作，事件：
Mother went to work on Tuesday. Mother didn’t go to work on Tuesday. Did Mother go to work on Tuesday?
媽媽星期二去上班了。媽媽星期二沒去上班。媽媽星期二去上班了嗎?
You did the shopping this morning. You didn’t do the shopping this morning. Where did you do the shopping this morning?
你今天早上去買東西了。你今天早上沒去買東西。今天上午你在哪里買的東西?
4
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(過去時(shí)態(tài)+進(jìn)行體)
Past Progressive (past tense + progressive aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+was/were+動(dòng)詞ing形式
I/He/She was having a shower when you called.
當(dāng)你打電話給我時(shí)，他正在洗澡。
We/ You/ They were watching TV when Bob arrived.
鮑勃來的時(shí)候，我們/你們/他們正在看電視。
否定句：主語(yǔ)+wasn't/weren't+動(dòng)詞ing形式
I/ He/ She wasn’t having a shower when you called.
你打來電話時(shí)，她沒在洗澡。
We/ You/ They weren't watching TV when Bob arrived.
鮑伯來的時(shí)候，我們/你們/他們沒在看電視。
疑問句：疑問詞+was/were+動(dòng)詞ing形式
What were you doing when Bob arrived?
當(dāng)鮑勃來的時(shí)候，你在干什么?
What was she doing when you called?
當(dāng)你打電話的時(shí)候，她在干什么?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Action in progress in the past:
表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：
I was working in the garden when my sister arrived. I wasn’t working in the garden when my sister arrived. Was I working in the garden when my sister arrived?
我姐姐來的時(shí)候，我正在花園里工作。當(dāng)我姐姐來的時(shí)候，我沒在花園里工作。我姐姐來的時(shí)候，我正在花園工作嗎?
5
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)+一般體)
Present Perfect Simple (present perfect tense + common aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+過去分詞
I/ You/ We/ They have finished the letter.
我/你們/我們/他們已經(jīng)寫完信了。
He/ She has finished the letter.
他/她寫完了信。
否定：主語(yǔ)+haven't/hasn't+過去分詞
I/ You/ We/ They haven’t finished the letter.
我/你/我們/他們還沒寫完這封信。
He/ She hasn’t finished the letter.
他/她還沒寫完這封信。
疑問句：have/has+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞
Have I/ you/we/ they finished the letter?
我/你/我們/他們寫完信了嗎?
Has he/she finished the letter?
他/她寫完信了嗎?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Action with a result:
帶有結(jié)果的行為：
You‘ve (already) printed the letters. You haven’t printed the letters (yet). Have you printed the letters (yet)?
你已經(jīng)把信打印好了。你還沒有打印這些信呢。你把信打印出來了嗎?
We‘ve (already) done the rooms. We haven’t done the rooms yet. Have we done the rooms (yet)?
我們已經(jīng)把房間整理好了。我們還沒整理好房間呢。我們把房間整理好了嗎?
He has already repaired the lawn-mower. He hasn’t repaired the lawn-mower yet. Has he repaired the lawn-mower yet?
他已經(jīng)修好了割草機(jī)。他還沒有修理割草機(jī)。他修好割草機(jī)了嗎?
Action in incomplete time:
表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作：
I‘ve been to the cinema a lot lately. I haven’t been to the cinema lately. Have I been to the cinema lately?
最近我經(jīng)常去看電影。我最近沒去看電影。我最近去看電影了嗎?
You‘ve been on holiday this year. You haven’t been on holiday this year. Have you been on holiday this year?
你今年度假去了。你今年沒去度假。今年你去度假了嗎?
Action in the past without saying when:
過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
You have already swum in this lake. You haven’t swum in this lake yet. Have you ever swum in this lake?
你已經(jīng)在這個(gè)湖里游過泳了。你沒有游過這湖。你在這個(gè)湖里游過泳嗎?
You‘ve been to the hairdresser’s. You haven’t been to the hairdresser’s. Where have you been?
你去過理發(fā)店了。你還沒去過理發(fā)店。你去哪兒了?
Action beginning in the past and still continuing:
表示過去某一時(shí)刻開始并一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作：
You‘ve worked here for two years. You haven’t worked here for two years. How long have you worked here?
你在這里工作兩年了。你已經(jīng)兩年沒在這里工作了。你在這里工作多久了?
6
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+進(jìn)行體)
Present Perfect Progressive (present perfect tense + progressive aspect)
肯定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has been+動(dòng)詞ing形式
I/ you/ We/ They have been learning English for a year.
我/你/我們/他們學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有一年了。
He/ She has been learning English for a year.
他/她學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有一年了。
否定句：主語(yǔ)+haven’t/hasn’t been+動(dòng)詞ing形式
I/ You/ We/ They haven’t been playing tennis for a long time.
我/你/我們/他們很久沒有打網(wǎng)球了。
He/ She hasn’t been playing tennis for a long time.
他/她很久沒有打網(wǎng)球了。
疑問句：疑問詞+have/has+主語(yǔ)+been 動(dòng)詞ing形式
How long have I/ you/ we/ they been learning English?
我/你/我們/他們學(xué)英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?
How long has he/ she been learning English?
他/她學(xué)英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?
適用場(chǎng)合：
Action beginning in the past and still continuing (with the progress emphasized):
從過去開始并仍在持續(xù)的行動(dòng)(著重強(qiáng)調(diào)的仍在進(jìn)行)：
He has been mowing the lawn all this morning. He hasn’t been mowing the lawn all this morning. How long has he been mowing the lawn?
整個(gè)上午他一直在修剪草坪。整個(gè)上午他都沒有修剪草坪。他修剪草坪多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?
