深度解讀如何有效學(xué)習(xí) 如何成為專家

Being an expert at something really pays off. Just how good are top performers compared to everybody else? Research shows in high complexity1 jobs like professional and sales roles, the top 10 percent produce 80 percent more than average and 700 percent more than the bottom 10 percent. But as I’m sure you’re aware, becoming the best ain’t easy. As Bobby Knight2 once said, “Everybody has the will to win; few people have the will to prepare to win.”

想要成為某方面的專家，那確實(shí)需要花費(fèi)一番功夫。要比別人好多少才能稱的上專家?一組數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)告訴你，在調(diào)查了不同行業(yè)的專家到銷售人員，位于該行業(yè)頂尖的10%貢獻(xiàn)了80%的行業(yè)成果，是該行業(yè)底層10%貢獻(xiàn)的7倍還多。但你們也一定清楚，想要做到最好并不容易，就像Bobby Knight (著名籃球教練)所說(shuō)：“每個(gè)都渴望成功，但只有少數(shù)人會(huì)為此做出準(zhǔn)備。”

And one of the reasons why it’s hard to become great is because a lot of what you’ve been told about how to learn, study, or train is wrong, wrong, and dead wrong. So it’s time to learn how to get better at gettin’ better. Whether you want to be a great public speaker, study for exams, or improve your free throws, we’re going to learn what methods research and experts recommend for becoming an expert at anything.

阻礙你成功的不利因素很多，其中就有看似引導(dǎo)你成功的學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練方法，實(shí)則帶你誤入歧途。該是學(xué)習(xí)正確方法的時(shí)候啦，不論你是想提升演講水平，或是應(yīng)試能力，亦或是更加準(zhǔn)確的投球率，以下方法均可適用。

The Predictor of expertise

專業(yè)度預(yù)測(cè)

I’m going to ask you one question. And this question will probably predict just how good you’ll end up being at whatever it is you’re passionate4 about. Ready?” How long are you going to be doing this?” Yeah, doing something for a long time probably correlates with being decent at it but that’s not the point. Committing in advance to being in it for the long haul made all the difference. Even when practicing the same amount, those who made a long-term commitment did 400 percent better than the short-termers.

問(wèn)你個(gè)問(wèn)題，來(lái)判斷你感興趣事情將會(huì)取得專業(yè)程度。“為了達(dá)到專業(yè)你能堅(jiān)持多久?”能夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間堅(jiān)持做一件事，說(shuō)明你非常適合做這件事，但這并不是重點(diǎn)。如果你以一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向，則會(huì)讓你更上一層樓。

From The Talent Code：With the same amount of practice, the long-term-commitment group outperformed the short-term-commitment group by 400 percent. The long-term-commitment group, with a mere5 twenty minutes of weekly practice, progressed faster than the short-termers who practiced for an hour and a half. When long-term commitment combined with high levels of practice, skills skyrocketed.

節(jié)選《一萬(wàn)個(gè)小時(shí)》：訓(xùn)練同樣的時(shí)間，長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)小組的成績(jī)4倍于短期小組。不僅如此，每周訓(xùn)練20分鐘的長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)小組比每周訓(xùn)練90分鐘的短期目標(biāo)小組的進(jìn)步還要大。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)小組配合高強(qiáng)度的訓(xùn)練，其成效如同坐上火箭，銳不可當(dāng)。

The Find a mentor

找一個(gè)導(dǎo)師

Luke had Yoda. The Karate7 Kid had Mr. Miyagi. I’m sure Kung Fu Panda had somebody but I never saw that movie. You get the picture. When I spoke8 to Anders Ericsson, the professor who did the research behind the “10,000 hour rule” he said mentors9 were vital. But you knew that already. So what does the research show about mentors that most people get wrong? Merely finding someone to help you that is already an expert doesn’t cut it.

就像星際大戰(zhàn)中的盧克有絕地大師，龍威小子有宮城先生，功夫熊貓也有個(gè)師傅，雖然我沒(méi)有看過(guò)電影。但是我想你明白了有個(gè)導(dǎo)師重要性。曾為“一萬(wàn)個(gè)小時(shí)理論”作調(diào)研的Aders Ericsson, 說(shuō)有個(gè)導(dǎo)師對(duì)于成功是非常重要的。你們很多人都知道，也有導(dǎo)師,為什么最后的結(jié)果還是不理想，因?yàn)楹芏嗳硕紱](méi)有選對(duì)人。

When I spoke to Shane Snow, author of Smartcuts, he said your mentor needs to care about you. Here’s Shane: In great mentorship relationships the mentor doesn’t just care about the thing that you’re learning, they care about how your life goes. They are with you for the long haul. They are willing to say, “No,” and to tell you what you’re doing is wrong. Those kinds of relationships yield outsized results in terms of future salaries and happiness.

我曾和《Smartcuts》的作者肖恩斯諾談及此事，他的觀點(diǎn)是導(dǎo)師不僅是在專業(yè)領(lǐng)域能幫助你的人，同時(shí)對(duì)你的生活也要有所關(guān)心。你們是長(zhǎng)期的指導(dǎo)關(guān)系，在你做的不當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候會(huì)適時(shí)阻止并且指點(diǎn)你。他會(huì)使你在將來(lái)的潛在收入和幸福感方面都獲益。

The Start with what's important

先學(xué)關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容

David Epstein put it simply: “The hallmark of expertise is figuring out what information is important.” There are many components10 to any skill but practicing them all doesn’t produce the same results. When I spoke to Tim Ferriss, bestselling author of The 4-Hour Workweek he said: Do an 80-20 analysis and ask yourself, “Which 20 percent of these things I need to learn will get me 80 percent of the results that I want?”

評(píng)判一個(gè)專家的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是對(duì)于重要信息判斷的準(zhǔn)確性。技能的訓(xùn)練有不同的方法，但達(dá)到的效果未必相同。暢銷書(shū)《The 4-Hour Workweek》的作者Tim認(rèn)為：二八原則可以幫助你分析，要學(xué)習(xí)哪20% 來(lái)達(dá)到80%的效果?

When Tim was learning chess from champion Josh Waitzkin (whose life was the basis for the film Searching for Bobby Fischer) they did things the opposite from how most chess instruction works. They didn’t start with the beginning of a chess game. They jumped straight to key moves that are applicable to the majority of interactions on the board. This allowed Tim to hang with top players after only a few days of practice.

他師從Josh Waitzkin(基本是電影“王者之旅”的現(xiàn)實(shí)版)學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)際象棋，不同于先打基本功，而是在棋譜上學(xué)習(xí)足以招架大部分進(jìn)攻的招式。短短幾天Tim 就可以和高手對(duì)弈了。

The “Train like you fight”

把每一次訓(xùn)練都當(dāng)成實(shí)戰(zhàn)

When I spoke to Special Forces Lieutenant11 Colonel Mike Kenny he told me, “Train like you fight.” You want your practice to be as similar to the real thing as possible. And research backs Mike up. Not only will you be better prepared, but you learn much better when the context you practice in matches the context you will eventually perform in. How strong is this effect? Insanely strong.

當(dāng)我和特種部隊(duì)上尉Mike Kenny 取經(jīng)時(shí)，他說(shuō)秘訣是“把每一次訓(xùn)練都當(dāng)成實(shí)戰(zhàn)”。研究結(jié)果支持他的說(shuō)法，你需要的不僅僅是充分的準(zhǔn)備，只有自己帶入真實(shí)的情境來(lái)訓(xùn)練才能最終取得成績(jī)。那要多真實(shí)?越真實(shí)越好。

The Use “desirable difficulty”

運(yùn)用“適當(dāng)增加難度”來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)

Reviewing material is one of the most popular forms of learning. Guess what? It’s also one of the least effective. Researchers call this “the fluency12 illusion.” Just because it’s easy to remember right now doesn’t mean it will stay that way. “Desirable difficulty” means that the harder you work trying to retrieve13 something from memory, the better you learn. Don’t merely reread stuff. Practice like a medical student and quiz yourself with flashcards. You’re not going to learn much passively. Research show re-reading material four times was not nearly as effective as reading it once and writing a summary.

復(fù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要一環(huán)，那我要說(shuō)是最沒(méi)有效率的一環(huán)呢?研究學(xué)家稱它為“熟練的假象”你記得某個(gè)知識(shí)并不代表著在任何情況下你都能熟練運(yùn)用。“適當(dāng)增加難度”的意義在于，你越難回憶起某個(gè)知識(shí)，你就會(huì)記得越牢。不要就簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)讀，可以學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生利用閃卡來(lái)測(cè)試自己。不要被動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)，研究表明，一本書(shū)你讀四遍的效果不如你讀一遍然后寫(xiě)一篇讀書(shū)小結(jié)來(lái)的好。

You need to struggle. Whether it’s memorizing information or practicing a sport or skill, you want your practice to be challenging. When I spoke to Dan Coyle, bestselling author of The Talent Code, he said: We learn when we’re in our discomfort14 zone. When you’re struggling, that’s when you’re getting smarter. The more time you spend there, the faster you learn. It’s better to spend a very, very high quality ten minutes, or even 10 seconds, than it is to spend amediocre15 hour.

你得受點(diǎn)挫折，不管是在記憶方面或是鍛煉某項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)或其他技能。要盡量做些有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)。就像《一萬(wàn)個(gè)小時(shí)天才》的作者Dan Colye所說(shuō)，在我們舒適區(qū)以外，我們最能學(xué)到東西。就是俗話說(shuō)的“吃一塹，長(zhǎng)一智”，花越多的時(shí)間鉆研，你就會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)得越快。聚精會(huì)神的十分鐘，哪怕是10秒鐘，比一個(gè)小時(shí)的磨洋工要有效率的多。

The Get fast, negative feedback

快速?gòu)氖≈形〗?jīng)驗(yàn)

One of the three key components to “10,000 hours of deliberate practice” is feedback. Without it you don’t know if you’re improving or what you need to work on next. And don’t just listen to me because I read the nerdy research. The most un-nerdy people in the world are on the same page. When I spoke to Navy SEAL platoon commander James Waters, he said feedback is critical.

關(guān)于“一萬(wàn)小時(shí)刻意訓(xùn)練”三個(gè)要素的其中之一就是反饋。如果沒(méi)有反饋那么你就不知道自己哪里需要提高，下一步的訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃要怎么制定。也不必只聽(tīng)我的一家之言，事實(shí)上，那些取得成績(jī)的人都知道反饋的重要性。比如海軍海豹突擊隊(duì)指揮官James Water 就認(rèn)同反饋的重要性。

After every mission, SEALs do a review of what happened to get feedback. Do they all just congratulate each other? No, they spend 90 percent of their time on the negative: what they can do better next time. And there’s another vital source of feedback: yourself. Always take some time to reflect on how you’re doing.

每次任務(wù)結(jié)束之后，隊(duì)員們就會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行意見(jiàn)收集反饋。難道他們僅僅是為了慶祝任務(wù)完成，當(dāng)然不是，他們90%的時(shí)間都花在對(duì)于問(wèn)題研究，下一次怎樣才能做的更好。還有一項(xiàng)重要的反饋就是自我評(píng)價(jià)，每次對(duì)于自己的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

The Study less. Test more.

少學(xué)多練

Get your nose out of that book. Avoid the classroom. Whatever it is you want to be the best at, be doing it. Here’s Dan Coyle:Our brains evolved to learn by doing things, not by hearing about them. This is one of the reasons that, for a lot of skills, it’s much better to spend about two thirds of your time testing yourself on it rather than absorbing it. There’s a rule of two thirds. If you want to, say, memorize a passage, it’s better to spend 30 percent of your time reading it, and the other 70 percent of your time testing yourself on that knowledge.

不要死盯著書(shū)本，也不要去教室。做你任何想做且能做好的事情。Dan Colye (《一萬(wàn)個(gè)小時(shí)天才理論》作者) 認(rèn)為，我們大腦通過(guò)練習(xí)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)，而不僅僅是靠聽(tīng)，大部分技能，要花三分之二的時(shí)間來(lái)練習(xí)，不僅僅是單純的學(xué)習(xí)。這就是三分之二規(guī)律。比如說(shuō)，你要記憶一片文章，花30%的時(shí)間來(lái)讀，70%的時(shí)間來(lái)測(cè)試你是否記得里面的內(nèi)容。

The Naps are steroids for your brain.

小睡更有助于大腦活躍

If you’re not getting enough sleep, you’re not learning as well as you could be. In fact, research shows there is a correlation16 between student grades and average amount of sleep.

如果你睡不夠，你也會(huì)學(xué)不好。事實(shí)上有研究表面，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)與平均睡眠時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短正相關(guān)。

Via NurtureShock: Teens who received As averaged about 15 more minutes sleep than the B students, who in turn averaged 15 more minutes than the C’s, and so on. Wahlstrom’s data was an almost perfect replication of results from an earlier study of over 3,000 Rhode Island high schoolers by Brown’s Carskadon. Certainly, these are averages, but the consistency17 of the two studies stands out. Every 15 minutes counts.Too busy to get eight hours? I hear you. Naps to the rescue!

Nurture Shock 如是說(shuō)：青少年學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)平均得A的學(xué)生比平均成績(jī)得B的學(xué)生多睡15分鐘，平均成績(jī)B的比平均成績(jī)得C的平均多睡15分鐘，以此類推。Wahlstrom所的出的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)論與之前由Brown 選取羅得島高中3000人所得出的結(jié)論如出一轍。15分鐘所體現(xiàn)的價(jià)值(劃分的層次)。睡不滿8個(gè)小時(shí)，懂你。那就讓小睡來(lái)拯救你。

Sum up

總結(jié)

Here’s how to be an expert at anything:

8大條助力你的專家之路

1. Be in it for the long haul.

制定長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，讓你事半功倍。

2. Find a mentor.

找一個(gè)靠譜的師傅。持之以恒。

3. Start with what’s important.

學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)鍵步驟

4. “Train like you fight.”

把每一次訓(xùn)練都當(dāng)成實(shí)戰(zhàn)

5. Use “desirable difficulty.”

適當(dāng)增加記憶難度，更好鍛煉大腦。

6. Get fast, negative feedback.

快速?gòu)氖≈形〗?jīng)驗(yàn)

7. Study less. Test more.

少學(xué)多練

8. Naps are steroids for your brain.

小睡更有助于保持大腦活躍

So you do all eight things and practice your tush off and now you’re The Master. Know what else you are?

學(xué)到了上面的技巧勤加練習(xí)，你也會(huì)成為大師。除此以外，你還會(huì)怎樣?

Happier.

變得更加快樂(lè)

When you’re good at something and you do it often, the result isn’t just promotions18 or more wins on the tennis court, you also smile more often. People who deliberately19 exercise their “signature strengths” — talents that set them apart from others — on a daily basis became significantly happier for months. It’s not lonely at the top. It’s happy.

如果你變得擅長(zhǎng)某項(xiàng)技能，而且又經(jīng)常做的話，那結(jié)果不僅僅是升職，或是摘得更多的網(wǎng)球比賽桂冠，你會(huì)變得更加快樂(lè)。天才和普通人的區(qū)別，覺(jué)得自己的影響力變大了，日積月累，成就感加倍。高處不會(huì)不勝寒，能做到最好是讓人歡欣鼓舞的一件事。