讀點(diǎn)好英文:Youth 年輕人

Youth 年輕人

Aristotle

To begin with the Youthful type of character. Young men have strong passions, and tend to gratify them indiscriminately. They are changeable and fickle in their desires, which are violent while they last, but quickly over: their impulses are keen but not deep-rooted, and are like sick people's attacks of hunger and thirst. They are hot-tempered, and quick-tempered, and apt to give way to their anger; bad temper often gets the better of them, for owing to their love of honour they cannot bear being slighted, and are indignant if they imagine themselves unfairly treated. While they love honour, they love victory still more; for youth is eager for superiority over others, and victory is one form of this. They love both more than they love money, which indeed they love very little, not having yet learnt what it means to be without it—this is the point of Pittancus, remark about Amphiaraus. They look at the good side rather than the bad, not having yet witnessed many instances of wickedness. They trust others readily, because they have not yet often been cheated.

They are sanguine; nature warms their blood as though with excess of wine; and besides that, they have as yet met with few disappointments. Their lives are mainly spent not in memory but in expectation; for expectation refers to the future, memory to the past, and youth has a long future before it and a short past behind it: on the first day of one's life one has nothing at all to remember, and can only look forward.

They are easily cheated, owing to the sanguine disposition just mentioned. Their hot tempers and hopeful dispositions make them more courageous than older men are; the hot temper prevents fear, and the hopeful disposition creates confidence; we cannot feel tear so long as we are feeling angry, and any expectation of good makes us confident.

They are shy, accepting the rules of society in which they have been trained, and not yet believing in any other standard of honour. They have exalted notions, because they have not yet been humbled by life or learnt its necessary limitations; moreover, their hopeful disposition makes them think themselves equal to great things—and that means having exalted notions. They would always rather do noble deeds than useful ones: their lives are regulated more by moral feeling than by reasoning; and whereas reasoning leads us to choose what is useful, moral goodness leads us to choose what is noble.

They are fonder of their friends, intimates, and companions than older men are, because they like spending their days in the company of others, and have not yet come to value either their friends or anything else by their usefulness to themselves. All their mistakes are in the direction of doing things excessively and vehemently. They disobey Chilon's precept by overdoing everything, they love too much and hate too much, and the same thing with everything else. They think they know everything, and are always quite sure about it; this, in fact, is why they overdo everything... They are ready to pity others, because they think everyone an honest man, or anyhow better than he is: they judge their neighbor by their own harmless natures, and so cannot think he deserves to be treated in that way. They are fond of fun and therefore witty, wit being well-bred insolence.

年輕人

［古希臘］亞里士多德

我們首先來討論一下年輕人的性格特征。年輕人有熾熱的激情，而且想不管不顧地逐個(gè)滿足。他們的愿望舉棋不定，有的時(shí)候很猛烈，但轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝。他們極易沖動(dòng)，但根基不深，如同病人遭到饑渴的侵襲一樣。他們熱情奔放，又性如烈火，很容易發(fā)火，常常管不住自己的脾氣。由于珍惜榮譽(yù)，他們不想讓人輕視，所以如果想到別人不公平的對(duì)待，他們就會(huì)怒發(fā)沖冠。誠(chéng)然，他們愛惜榮譽(yù)，卻更鐘情于勝利，青年人熱衷于勝人一籌，而勝利就是其中的一種表現(xiàn)形式。他們對(duì)榮譽(yù)和勝利的愛遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)勝過了金錢。他們不太在意錢，因?yàn)檫€沒真正明白沒錢會(huì)怎么樣——庇塔喀斯談?wù)摪卜瓢谒箷r(shí)就是這么說的。他們傾向于看到事物好的發(fā)展方向，而非壞的趨勢(shì)，那是由于他們還沒有目睹過多少不道德的事。他們很樂意相信別人，那是由于他們很少上當(dāng)受騙。

他們面色紅潤(rùn)，大自然仿佛用了過度的葡萄酒來溫暖他們的血液。除了這些，他們也沒有經(jīng)歷過什么沮喪的事。他們不是生活在對(duì)往昔的回憶中，而是生活在對(duì)未來的盼望中，因?yàn)榕瓮馕吨磥恚貞浺馕吨^去，年輕人未來的日子還很長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)，過去的時(shí)光只有短暫的一小部分。當(dāng)人第一天來到這個(gè)世界的時(shí)候，他根本沒有什么可以回憶的事情，唯一能做的就是寄希望于未來。

他們會(huì)輕而易舉地讓人欺騙，那都?xì)w結(jié)于我們剛剛所說的精力旺盛的脾性。因?yàn)閾碛星榫w高漲、滿懷希望的氣質(zhì)，他們會(huì)比老年人更勇敢，更有膽量。情緒高漲的內(nèi)心讓他們遠(yuǎn)離恐懼，滿懷希望的氣質(zhì)讓他們信心百倍；我們感到憤怒的時(shí)候，就不會(huì)害怕，而任何對(duì)美好事物的向往又讓我們充滿自信。

他們是害羞的，順其自然地遵守社會(huì)的慣例，但還沒有承認(rèn)其他形式的榮譽(yù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。他們有崇高的理想，因?yàn)樗麄冞€沒有體會(huì)生活的艱辛而變得謙虛起來，也沒有理解生活中各種必要的束縛。更為嚴(yán)重的是，他們滿懷希望，居然以為自己可以與日月相比——這就是心高氣傲，目空一切。他們一直從事高尚的行為，而不在乎其實(shí)效；他們的生活多是遵循道德感，而非理智。盡管理智教導(dǎo)我們做有用的事，道德品質(zhì)卻指引我們做高尚的事。

與老年人相比，年輕人更喜愛自己的朋友、摯交和伙伴，因?yàn)檎旌襞髥居训纳畈攀撬麄兊溺姁郏覠o論是朋友還是其他東西，他們都不會(huì)用對(duì)自己的實(shí)用性來判定其價(jià)值。至于他們所犯的錯(cuò)誤，是因?yàn)樗麄冏鍪虏皇沁^頭就是過猛。他們不遵守奇?zhèn)惙▌t，做什么事都過分強(qiáng)調(diào)，要么愛得過多，要么恨得太狠，做其他事情也是一樣。他們認(rèn)為自己無所不知，而且說起來也信心十足，實(shí)際上，這就是他們行事過頭的癥結(jié)所在。他們時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備去同情別人，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為所有人都是誠(chéng)實(shí)的，或者比他真實(shí)的為人要好，他們用自己善良的本質(zhì)來判斷左鄰右舍，不能忍受自己會(huì)虧待鄰居們。他們喜歡玩鬧，因此非常詼諧機(jī)智，而機(jī)智是一種文雅的傲慢。

實(shí)戰(zhàn)提升

Practising & Exercise

導(dǎo)讀

亞里士多德（Aristotle），世界古代史上最偉大的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和教育家之一。他是柏拉圖的學(xué)生、亞歷山大的老師。公元前335年，他在雅典辦了一所叫呂克昂的學(xué)校，被稱為“逍遙學(xué)派”。馬克思曾稱亞里士多德是“古希臘哲學(xué)家中最博學(xué)的人物”。他的思想對(duì)人類產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

亞里士多德對(duì)事物的洞察力、對(duì)問題的分析深刻程度非同一般。青春期的少年都是心浮氣躁，生活里滿是叛逆和沒來由的煩惱。亞里士多德從哲學(xué)的角度，清晰透徹地分析了年輕人的個(gè)性特點(diǎn)，生動(dòng)具體地描述了年輕人躊躇滿志、血?dú)夥絼偟木売珊屠住?/p>

核心單詞

gratify [?ɡr?tifai] v. 使高興，使?jié)M意

fickle [?fikl] adj. 易變的，無常的

superiority [sju(?)pi?ri??riti] n. 優(yōu)越，優(yōu)勢(shì)

sanguine [?s??ɡwin] adj. 懷著希望的；樂觀的

insolence [?ins?l?ns] n. 傲慢；無禮

翻譯

To begin with the Youthful type of character.

They are shy, accepting the rules of society in which they have been trained, and not yet believing in any other standard of honour.

All their mistakes are in the direction of doing things excessively and vehemently.