藝術(shù)是如何激活你的大腦的?

藝術(shù)是如何激活你的大腦的?

A lot of my free time is spent doodling. I'm a journalist on NPR's science desk by day. But all the time in between, I am an artist — specifically, a cartoonist.

我的很多空閑時(shí)間都用來(lái)涂鴉了。白天我是NPR科學(xué)臺(tái)的記者。但在這期間，我一直是個(gè)藝術(shù)家——確切地說(shuō)，是個(gè)漫畫家。

I sketch at the coffee shop before work. And I like challenging myself to complete a zine — a little magazine — on my 20-minute bus commute.

我上班前在咖啡廳寫生。我喜歡挑戰(zhàn)自己，在20分鐘的公交車車程上完成一本小雜志。

I do these things partly because it's fun and entertaining. But I suspect there's something deeper going on. Because when I create, I feel like it clears my head. It helps me make sense of my emotions. And it somehow, it makes me feel calmer and more relaxed.

我做這些事情部分是因?yàn)樗苡腥?。但我懷疑還有更深層次的原因。因?yàn)楫?dāng)我創(chuàng)作時(shí)，我覺(jué)得它讓我頭腦清醒。它幫助我理解我的情緒。不知怎么的，它讓我感覺(jué)更平靜，更放松。

That made me wonder: What is going on in my brain when I draw? Why does it feel so nice? And how can I get other people — even if they don't consider themselves artists — on the creativity train?

這讓我思考:當(dāng)我畫畫的時(shí)候，我的大腦里發(fā)生了什么?為什么感覺(jué)這么好?我怎樣才能讓其他人——即使他們并不認(rèn)為自己是藝術(shù)家——走上創(chuàng)造這條路呢?

It turns out there's a lot happening in our minds and bodies when we make art.

事實(shí)證明，當(dāng)我們創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)時(shí)，我們的思想和身體會(huì)發(fā)生很多變化。

"Creativity in and of itself is important for remaining healthy, remaining connected to yourself and connected to the world," says Christianne Strang, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Alabama Birmingham and the former president of the American Art Therapy Association.

阿拉巴馬大學(xué)伯明翰分校神經(jīng)科學(xué)教授、美國(guó)藝術(shù)治療協(xié)會(huì)前會(huì)長(zhǎng)克里斯蒂安·斯特朗說(shuō):“創(chuàng)造力本身對(duì)于保持健康、與自己保持聯(lián)系、與世界保持聯(lián)系很重要。”

It helps you imagine a more hopeful future

它幫助你想象一個(gè)更有希望的未來(lái)

Art's ability to flex our imaginations may be one of the reasons why we've been making art since we were cave-dwellers, says Kaimal. It might serve an evolutionary purpose. She has a theory that art-making helps us navigate problems that might arise in the future. She wrote about this in October in the Journal of the American Art Therapy Association.

凱馬爾說(shuō)，藝術(shù)激發(fā)我們想象力的能力可能是我們從穴居時(shí)代就開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)的原因之一。這可能是一種進(jìn)化的目的。她的理論是，藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作可以幫助我們應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。她在10月份的《美國(guó)藝術(shù)治療協(xié)會(huì)雜志》上發(fā)表了相關(guān)文章。

Her theory builds off of an idea developed in the last few years — that our brain is a predictive machine. The brain uses "information to make predictions about we might do next — and more importantly what we need to do next to survive and thrive," says Kaimal.

她的理論建立在過(guò)去幾年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一個(gè)想法之上——我們的大腦是一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)機(jī)器。大腦利用“信息來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)我們下一步可能做什么——更重要的是，我們下一步需要做什么來(lái)生存和發(fā)展，”凱馬爾說(shuō)。

When you make art, you're making a series of decisions — what kind of drawing utensil to use, what color, how to translate what you're seeing onto the paper. And ultimately, interpreting the images — figuring out what it means.

當(dāng)你創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)的時(shí)候，你要做一系列的決定——用什么樣的畫具，用什么顏色，怎樣把你看到的東西轉(zhuǎn)化到紙上。最后，解釋這些圖像，弄清楚它的意思。

"So what our brain is doing every day, every moment, consciously and unconsciously, is trying to imagine what is going to come and preparing yourself to face that," she says.

她說(shuō):“所以我們的大腦每天每時(shí)每刻都在有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地試圖想象將要發(fā)生什么，并讓自己做好準(zhǔn)備去面對(duì)。”

It activates the reward center of our brain

它激活了我們大腦的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)中心

For a lot of people, making art can be nerve-wracking. What are you going to make? What kind of materials should you use? What if you can't execute it? What if it ... sucks?

對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)，創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)是件傷腦筋的事。你打算做什么?你應(yīng)該使用什么樣的材料?如果你不能執(zhí)行它怎么辦?如果弄糟糕了怎么辦?

Studies show that despite those fears, "engaging in any sort of visual expression results in the reward pathway in the brain being activated," says Kaimal. "Which means that you feel good and it's perceived as a pleasurable experience."

研究表明，盡管存在這些恐懼，“任何形式的視覺(jué)表達(dá)都會(huì)導(dǎo)致大腦中的獎(jiǎng)賞通路被激活，”凱馬爾說(shuō)。“這意味著你感覺(jué)很好，這是一種愉快的體驗(yàn)。”

It lowers stress

它會(huì)降低壓力

Although the research in the field of art therapy is emerging, there's evidence that making art can lower stress and anxiety. In a 2016 paper in the Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, Kaimal and a group of researchers measured cortisol levels of 39 healthy adults. Cortisol is a hormone that helps the body respond to stress.

雖然藝術(shù)治療領(lǐng)域的研究正在興起，但有證據(jù)表明，創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)可以降低壓力和焦慮。在2016年發(fā)表于《美國(guó)藝術(shù)治療協(xié)會(huì)雜志》的一篇論文中，凱馬爾和一組研究人員測(cè)量了39名健康成年人的皮質(zhì)醇水平。皮質(zhì)醇是一種幫助身體應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的激素。

They found that 45 minutes of creating art in a studio setting with an art therapist significant lowered cortisol levels.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在藝術(shù)治療師的工作室里進(jìn)行45分鐘的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作可以顯著降低皮質(zhì)醇水平。

The paper also showed that there were no differences in health outcomes between people who identify as experienced artists and people who don't. So that means that no matter your skill level, you'll be able to feel all the good things that come with making art.

這篇論文還表明，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的藝術(shù)家和沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的藝術(shù)家在健康狀況上沒(méi)有區(qū)別。這就意味著不管你的技術(shù)水平如何，你都能感受到藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的美好。