國家到底要不要把“體罰兒童”設(shè)為禁令？

Should the state ban corporal punishment of children?

國家到底要不要把“體罰兒童”設(shè)為禁令？

This chart shows the number of countries and territories that have addressed corporal punishment of children in various venues, such as at home, at school and in penal institutions.

這張圖表顯示了在家庭、學(xué)校和刑事機構(gòu)等不同場所對兒童實施體罰的國家和地區(qū)的數(shù)目。

Sentencing is when corporal punishment such as whipping, flogging or amputation is decreed for a child convicted of a crime.

量刑是對被判有罪的兒童處以鞭刑、鞭刑等體罰。

In a story published in October, we looked at a new study on spankingthat found a "fairly robust" association between corporal punishment and youth violence. We also wrote about bans on spanking — Sweden was the first country to prohibit corporal punishment of children, in 1979. Since then, the number of nations that had banned the practice had risen to 54. What's the current status of the campaign to prohibit corporal punishment of children?
在10月份發(fā)表的一篇文章中，我們研究了一項關(guān)于打屁股的新研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)體罰和青少年暴力之間存在“相當(dāng)強”的聯(lián)系。我們也寫了關(guān)于打屁股的禁令——瑞典是第一個禁止體罰兒童的國家，在1979年。從那時起，禁止這種做法的國家已經(jīng)增加到54個。禁止體罰兒童運動的現(xiàn)狀如何?

This year, two more countries have made physical punishment of children illegal in all settings, including at home, with France and Kosovo bringing the total to 56.

今年，又有兩個國家將在不同背景下體罰兒童定為非法，包括在國內(nèi)。法國和科索沃的加入使實施該禁令的國家增加到了56個。

Steps toward prohibition of corporal punishment are also being made in several other countries, according to Tríona Lenihan, advocacy and communications manager of the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children.

特里奧納勒尼漢說，其他幾個國家也在采取措施禁止體罰。他是全球首個提出結(jié)束對兒童的所有體罰的倡議和傳播經(jīng)理。

Zimbabwe, for instance, has outlawed sentencing a convicted juvenile to any form of corporal punishment.

例如，津巴布韋已經(jīng)禁止對被定罪的青少年進(jìn)行任何形式的體罰。

Other countries are also moving toward prohibition, says Joan Durrant, professor of community health science at the University of Manitoba. A constitutional court in South Africa is weighing the legality of a current law that allows corporal punishment of children. Japan, Scotland, Wales and Italy are also moving in that direction, she says.

曼尼托巴大學(xué)社區(qū)健康科學(xué)教授瓊•杜蘭特表示，其他國家也在朝著禁止體罰兒童的方向邁進(jìn)。南非憲法法院正在權(quán)衡允許體罰兒童這一現(xiàn)行法律的合法性。她說，日本、蘇格蘭、威爾士和意大利也在朝著這個方向發(fā)展。

But continuing opposition and controversy remain. Both houses of the country's Congress had passed the Positive Discipline Bill — a proposed law that had been first introduced in 2008 and had been debated every year since 2012. The bill calls for banning all forms of physical violence as well as nonphysical abuse that humiliates or degrades.

但持續(xù)不斷的反對和爭議依然存在。美國國會參眾兩院都通過了“積極紀(jì)律法案”，該法案于2008年首次提出，自2012年以來每年都在進(jìn)行辯論。該法案呼吁禁止一切形式的身體暴力以及羞辱或貶低他人的非有形虐待。

Yet on Feb. 28, President Rodrigo Duterte vetoed it. Among other reasons, he stated, "this bill would allow government to extend its reach into the privacy of the family.” In so doing, the bill transgresses the proper boundaries of State intervention in the life of the family, the sanctity and autonomy of which is recognized by the Constitution."

然而，2月28日，菲律賓總統(tǒng)羅德里戈·杜特爾特否決了該法案。他說，除其他原因外，“這項法案將擴大政府對家庭隱私的影響力。”這樣做，該法案違反了國家干預(yù)家庭生活的適當(dāng)界限，而家庭生活的神圣性和自主權(quán)是《憲法》所承認(rèn)的。”

The UNICEF statement said, "Contrary to the impression that the law encroaches on parents' right to discipline their child, this law seeks to promote positive discipline instead of corporal punishment – a severe form of violence against children."

聯(lián)合國兒童基金會的聲明說，“與法律侵犯父母管教孩子的權(quán)利的印象相反，這項法律尋求促進(jìn)積極的紀(jì)律，而不是體罰——這是對兒童的一種嚴(yán)重暴力形式。”

"There have been at least 100 studies that show [corporal punishment] has no positive impact on children," says Durrant — only negative ones such as increased aggression, more mental health problems and damaged family relationships.

“至少有100項研究表明(體罰)對孩子沒有正面影響，”杜蘭說——只有負(fù)面影響，如攻擊性增加、更多的精神健康問題和家庭關(guān)系受損。

And more studies continue to be published. Among the most significant is one that came out in February and showed that the negative impact of spanking and corporal punishment knows no boundaries. The study examined reports from the caregivers of approximately 215,000 3- and 4-year-old children in 62 countries. The finding: Spanking occurred in 43% of the households, and those children who were spanked showed lower levels of emotional and social development and well-being than those who had not.

更多的研究還在繼續(xù)發(fā)表。其中最重要的是今年2月公布的一項研究，它表明打屁股和體罰的負(fù)面影響是沒有界限的。該研究調(diào)查了62個國家約21.5萬名3歲和4歲兒童看護(hù)人的報告。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):43%的家庭中存在打屁股的現(xiàn)象，那些被打屁股的孩子比那些沒有被打屁股的孩子表現(xiàn)出更低的情感、社會發(fā)展和幸福感水平。