疫苗處于一種什么樣的地位?

疫苗處于一種什么樣的地位?

Facts:

事實

There are 14 different vaccines that are recommended for children between birth and age six, including those for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, influenza, measles, mumps and rubella.

有14種不同的疫苗推薦給從出生至6歲的兒童，包括白喉、百日咳、破傷風、流感、麻疹、腮腺炎和風疹疫苗。

For more than 100 years, there has been public discord regarding vaccines based on issues like individual rights, religious freedoms, distrust of government and the effects that vaccines may have on the health of children.

100多年來，由于個人權(quán)利、宗教自由、對政府的不信任以及疫苗可能對兒童健康產(chǎn)生的影響等問題，公眾對疫苗的看法一直存在分歧。

Vaccines fall into three general categories: medical, religious and philosophical.

疫苗一般分為三類:醫(yī)學、宗教和哲學。

Median immunization coverage for state-required vaccines was approximately 94.3% for children entering kindergarten during the 2017-2018 school year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

根據(jù)疾病控制和預防中心(CDC)的數(shù)據(jù)，國家要求2017-2018學年進入幼兒園的兒童，疫苗的免疫覆蓋率中位數(shù)約為94.3%。

Timeline:

時間軸：

1855 - Massachusetts mandates that school children are to be vaccinated (only the smallpox vaccine is available at the time).

1855年---馬薩諸塞州規(guī)定學生必須接種疫苗(當時只有天花疫苗)。

November 13, 1922 - The US Supreme Court denies any constitutional violation in Zucht v. Kingin which Rosalyn Zucht believes that requiring vaccines violates her right to liberty without due process.

1922年11月13日---美國最高法院否認在Zucht v. Kingin案中有任何違反憲法的行為，Rosalyn Zucht認為，在沒有正當程序的情況下，要求接種疫苗侵犯了她的自由權(quán)。

1952 - Dr. Jonas Salk and his team develop a vaccine for polio. A nationwide trial leads to the vaccine being declared in 1955 to be safe and effective.

1952年---喬納斯·索爾克博士和他的團隊開發(fā)了一種脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗。1955年，一項全國性的試驗證明這種疫苗是安全有效的。

1963 - The first measles vaccine is released.

1963年---首支麻疹疫苗問世。

August 10, 1993 - Congress passes the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act which creates the Vaccines for Children Program, providing qualified children free vaccines.

1993年8月10日---國會通過了《兒童疫苗綜合預算協(xié)調(diào)法案》，為兒童提供合格的免費疫苗。

2011 - Investigative reporter Brian Deer writes a series of articles in the BMJ exposing Wakefield's fraud. The articles state that he used distorted data and falsified medical histories of children that may have led to an unfounded relationship between vaccines and the development of autism.

2011年---調(diào)查記者布萊恩·迪爾在《英國醫(yī)學雜志》上發(fā)表了一系列文章，揭露韋克菲爾德的欺詐行為。文章指出，他使用了扭曲的數(shù)據(jù)和偽造的兒童病史，這可能導致了疫苗與自閉癥發(fā)展之間毫無根據(jù)的關(guān)系。

2011 - The US Public Health Service finds that 63% of parents who refuse and delay vaccines do so for fear their children could have serious side effects.

2011年---美國公共衛(wèi)生服務機構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)，63%的父母因為擔心孩子會產(chǎn)生嚴重的副作用而拒絕或推遲接種疫苗。

January 10, 2017 - Notable vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. meets with President-elect Donald Trump. Afterwards, Kennedy tells reporters he agreed to chair a commission on "vaccination safety and scientific integrity." A Trump spokeswoman later says that no decision has been made about setting up a commission on autism.

2017年1月10日---著名的疫苗懷疑論者小羅伯特·f·肯尼迪會見了當選總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普。之后，肯尼迪告訴記者，他同意主持一個關(guān)于“疫苗安全和科學誠信”的委員會。特朗普的一位發(fā)言人后來表示，目前還沒有決定成立一個自閉癥委員會。

2019 - As of August 15, the CDC has confirmed 1,203 individual cases of measles in 30 states.

2019年---截至8月15日，美國疾病控制和預防中心已在30個州確認了1,203例麻疹病例。