我敢肯定，你的手沒洗干凈

A new study has revealed our hand-washing habits during food preparation are so abysmal, we could be spiking the family dinner table with harmful bacteria without even realising. But the good news is the problem is very easy to fix.

一項新的研究表明，我們在準(zhǔn)備食物過程中的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣非常糟糕，我們可能會把有害的病菌帶到食物中，而自己甚至毫無察覺。好消息是，問題很容易解決。

In a recent observational study conducted by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 383 volunteers agreed to prepare a meal of turkey burgers and salad at specially designed test kitchens, where their every step would be monitored.

在美國農(nóng)業(yè)部(USDA)最近進(jìn)行的一項觀察性研究中，383名志愿者同意在特別設(shè)計的測試廚房里烹制一餐火雞漢堡和沙拉，他們的所有步驟都在監(jiān)控下完成。

To measure the spread of potential contamination in a kitchen, the raw burgers were laced with an RNA virus called bacteriophage MS2 - harmless to humans, this virus can be used to simulate the spread of more nasty pathogens, such as the noroviruses that lead to food poisoning.

為了揭示廚房中可能造成食物中毒的污染途徑，漢堡原料中含有一種名為噬菌體MS2的RNA病毒。它對人體無害，該病毒可以用來模擬高危險性病原體的傳播過程。

The study wasn't about hand-washing, though. After splitting the volunteers into a 'control' and 'treatment' group, researchers compared people's cooking behaviour depending on whether they watched an instructional food safety video on how to measure the safe internal temperature of cooked meat.

然而，這項研究并不是關(guān)于洗手的。在將志愿者分成“對照”組和“實驗”組后，研究人員會根據(jù)他們是否觀看了關(guān)于如何測量熟肉內(nèi)部溫度的教學(xué)視頻來評價他們的烹飪行為。

After recording the entire cooking and cleaning session, the team also noticed alarming departures from proper hand-washing practices - 97 percent of the participants didn't include all the handwashing steps recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

在記錄整個烹飪和清潔過程后，該團(tuán)隊還注意到如何正確洗手的問題令人擔(dān)憂——97%的參與者沒有使用疾病控制和預(yù)防中心(CDC)所推薦的步驟。

Here are those steps: wet your hands, lather up with soap, scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds, rinse the hands, and dry them either using a clean towel or by air drying.

正確的洗手步驟：

·用水打濕雙手

·用肥皂涂滿雙手全部表面

·掌對掌摩擦

·用右掌摩擦左手背，手指交錯，然后再反過來

·再掌對掌摩擦，手指要交錯

·用手指背部上下摩擦反手手掌，雙手要相扣

·用左拇指插進(jìn)右手掌做旋轉(zhuǎn)，再反過來

·用右手指尖摩擦左手掌，再反過來，上述洗手過程持續(xù)至少20秒

·用干凈毛巾擦干或自然晾干

·包著紙巾關(guān)掉龍頭

According to the study, both the control group and treatment group overwhelmingly - an average of 79.5 percent - failed to scrub their hands for at least 20 seconds. Many of them also didn't wet their hands before lathering up, and didn't dry their hands properly after rinsing.

根據(jù)該研究，對照組和實驗組的絕大多數(shù)人——平均為79.5%——擦洗時間未達(dá)到20秒。他們中的許多人在起泡之前也沒有弄濕手，并且在漂洗后也沒有正確地擦干雙手。

Since the researchers collected microbial samples from around the kitchen to see where MS2 from the raw meat ended up, the contamination from these lax hand-washing attitudes became bleedingly obvious.

由于研究人員收集了廚房周圍的微生物樣本，以掌握MS2的分布，不正確的洗手態(tài)度造成的污染變得非常明顯。

Nearly half of the people in the control group contaminated the spice containers they used when preparing burgers, and 11 percent also contaminated refrigerator handles and water taps.

對照組中近一半的人污染了他們在準(zhǔn)備漢堡時使用的香料容器，11%的人還污染了冰箱把手和水龍頭。

Most disturbingly, 5 percent of the control group managed to carry the virus from the meat patties to the salad lettuce about to be served with the meal.

最令人不安的是，5%的對照組成員將病毒從生肉餡引向了即食性的沙拉生菜。

"This rate of contamination of the salad indicates that cross-contamination was not necessarily frequent but did occur with some regularity, which could be a significant area of concern when extrapolated nationally," the researchers wrote in a summary of their report.

“沙拉的污染率表明，交叉污染并不頻繁，但確實會發(fā)生，這可能是在全國范圍內(nèi)要更加重視的環(huán)節(jié)。”研究人員在報告摘要中寫道。

As for meat thermometer use, people in the group who watched the video were twice as likely to use a thermometer and to insert it in the correct location of the patty (from the side, in case you're wondering). And 66 percent of them said the video influenced their cooking behaviour.

至于肉類溫度計的使用，觀看視頻的人群中使用溫度計并將其插入小餡餅正確位置的人數(shù)比不觀看視頻的人群中多一倍(從側(cè)面插入溫度計，如果你想知道的話)。 66%的受訪者表示該視頻影響了他們的烹飪行為。

But even if you manage to cook your food to a "safe internal temperature", that's little use to your family who ends up eating tainted salad because you didn't wash your hands.

但即使你確實將肉食煮到了“安全的內(nèi)部溫度”，這對你的家人來說也沒什么用處，因為你沒有正確洗手，所以大家最后一起吃掉了被生肉污染的沙拉。

Since CDC data shows around 128,000 Americans get hospitalised due to foodborne illnesses every year, we're guessing the USDA is already producing their next instructional video.

疾病預(yù)防控制中心的數(shù)據(jù)顯示每年約有128000名美國人因食源性疾病住院，我們猜測美國農(nóng)業(yè)部已經(jīng)在制作下一組教學(xué)視頻了。

"You can't see, smell or feel bacteria," says USDA spokesperson Carmen Rottenberg."By simply washing your hands properly, you can protect your family and prevent that bacteria from contaminating your food and key areas in your kitchen."

“你無法看到，聞到或感受到細(xì)菌，”美國農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)言人Carmen Rottenberg說，“通過簡單地洗手操作，您就可以保護(hù)到您的家人，防止細(xì)菌污染您的食物和廚房。”

Of course, the vast majority of microbes kicking around our environments are totally fine, so there's no need to panic and go full-on germaphobe in your kitchen - just use common sense and properly wash your hands with soap and water.

當(dāng)然，我們的環(huán)境中的絕大多數(shù)微生物都非常友好，所以沒有必要恐慌或動用高效滅菌設(shè)備——只需掌握常識，正確地利用肥皂和水清潔你的雙手。