富人比窮人更摳！

People who earn more money may be less likely to share their wealth than those who earn less. That's according to a new study from Queen Mary University of London, published in the journal Basic and Applied Social Psychology.

根據(jù)倫敦大學(xué)瑪麗女王學(xué)院發(fā)表在《基礎(chǔ)與應(yīng)用社會(huì)心理學(xué)》雜志上一項(xiàng)新研究表明：掙錢多的人比掙錢少的人更不愿意分享財(cái)富。

Researchers conducted a social experiment where people were recruited to play games for real money.

研究人員進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)社會(huì)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們招募了一些研究對(duì)象，讓他們玩金錢游戲。

People were assigned as "lower status" or "higher status", which determined how much money they were given at the beginning – signifying wealth.

人們被分為兩組：“低地位組”和“高地位組”，兩者的區(qū)別在于游戲剛開(kāi)始時(shí)獲得的金錢數(shù)目——這象征著財(cái)富。

The games involved the participants deciding how much money they wanted to keep and how much they wanted to donate to a group kitty, which would be shared out between everyone.

在游戲過(guò)程中，他們需要決定自己保留多少錢、捐出去多少錢，捐出去的錢最終將被平均分配給所有群體成員。

Sometimes people's wealth was determined by chance, other times it was based on their effort.

有時(shí)候，初始財(cái)富是隨機(jī)分配的;有時(shí)候，它是憑借個(gè)人努力獲得的。

Overall, lower status participants would contribute more to the group pot than higher status ones. And those who earned their "high status" labels would contribute even less than when they received the wealth through chance.

整體而言，“低地位組”捐獻(xiàn)出去的錢多于“高地位組”。此外，憑借個(gè)人努力獲得“高地位”的人比憑借運(yùn)氣獲得“高地位”的人更不愿意捐錢。

"For the high status individuals, the way in which wealth was achieved, whether through chance or effort, appeared to be the key factor determining the level of cooperation observed," said Magda Osman, a professor at Queen Mary's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and lead author of the study.

生物化學(xué)院的教授、本研究的主要作者M(jìn)agda Osman表示：

對(duì)于高地位組而言，獲得財(cái)富的方式——憑借運(yùn)氣還是努力——似乎是合作程度的重要決定因素。

"This wasn't the case for the low status individuals. How they got to their low status made no difference to their behaviour in the game."

但對(duì)低地位組而言，情況并非如此。他們獲得低地位的方式對(duì)他們?cè)谟螒蚶锏男袨闆](méi)有產(chǎn)生影響。

If you gain a high status through effort rather than chance, she said, you are more likely to want to keep what you earned. When your wealth is limited, you have more of an incentive to cooperate.

當(dāng)你憑借努力、而非運(yùn)氣獲得高地位時(shí)，你更有可能希望保留自己掙到的錢。當(dāng)財(cái)富有限時(shí)，你更有合作的動(dòng)機(jī)。

"The point here being that even if one is acting cooperatively, there is no reason to think that this is purely for altruistic reasons," she said.

這里的重點(diǎn)在于：即便人們表現(xiàn)出合作行為，我們也沒(méi)有理由認(rèn)為這純粹是出于利他原因。

Rather, you hope that by contributing more, others will do so too, and ultimately you will profit from it.

相反，你在捐獻(xiàn)更多錢時(shí)，心里希望的是別人也能夠捐獻(xiàn)更多錢，最終從中獲益。

Even so, there is no guarantee everyone else in the game would do the same as you. In other words, you take a bigger risk in contributing more as a lower status person, because you have no idea if others will reciprocate.

然而，你不能保證人人都像你這樣做。換句話說(shuō)，在處于低地位時(shí)，你反而冒了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)槟悴恢榔渌耸欠駮?huì)做出同樣的舉動(dòng)。

"The other surprising finding is that empathy has next to no impact on promoting pro-social behaviour, in other words contributing money to the group pot," said Osman.

此外，研究人員還有一個(gè)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)：共情心對(duì)促進(jìn)這種“親社會(huì)行為”(即捐錢給群體)幾乎沒(méi)有影響。

"This matters because there are a lot of claims that empathy is the glue that binds people to act socially. What we show is that when money matters, empathy plays virtually no role in improving pro-social behaviours."

這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)很重要，因?yàn)樵S多人認(rèn)為，共情心是促使人們表現(xiàn)出親社會(huì)行為的粘合劑。但這項(xiàng)研究卻表明，在金錢的影響下，共情心幾乎不起作用。