調(diào)查顯示對(duì)性別差異的刻板印象猶存

Men are tough; women are in touch with their feelings. Men are providers; women are nurturers. Men should punch back when provoked; women should be physically attractive.

男人是強(qiáng)硬的;女人了解自己的感情。男人負(fù)責(zé)掙錢(qián)養(yǎng)家;女人負(fù)責(zé)照顧孩子。男人被激怒時(shí)應(yīng)該回?fù)?女人應(yīng)該有迷人的外貌。

These stereotypical beliefs about gender differences remain strong, found a new survey from the Pew Research Center on Tuesday. Even in an era of transgender rights, a surge of women running for office and a rising number of stay-at-home fathers, most Americans believe men and women are fundamentally different, and that masculinity is more valued than femininity.

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)周二公布的一項(xiàng)最新調(diào)查顯示，這些對(duì)性別差異的刻板印象依然很強(qiáng)烈。即使在這個(gè)爭(zhēng)取跨性別者權(quán)利、競(jìng)選公職的女性急劇增多、全職奶爸越來(lái)越多的年代，大多數(shù)美國(guó)人依然認(rèn)為，男人和女人在本質(zhì)上是不同的，而且男子氣概比女子氣質(zhì)更有價(jià)值。

The workplace is the one area in which a majority of men and women said the sexes were more alike than different in terms of what they were good at: 63 percent of respondents said men and women excelled at the same things at work, while 37 percent said they were good at different things.

在工作場(chǎng)所，大多數(shù)男性和女性都表示，從擅長(zhǎng)的工作角度講，兩性的相似之處多于差異：63%的受訪(fǎng)者表示，男性和女性在工作中擅長(zhǎng)的事情是一樣的;只有37%的受訪(fǎng)者認(rèn)為，男性和女性擅長(zhǎng)不同的事情。

The survey results also shed light on some root causes of sexual harassment and discrimination. Nearly half of men, and 57 percent of men ages 18 to 36, said they felt pressure to join in when other men talked about women in a sexual way.

調(diào)查結(jié)果還揭示了性騷擾和性別歧視的部分根源。將近半數(shù)的男性——以及57%的18至36歲男性——表示，當(dāng)其他男性在從性的方面談?wù)撆詴r(shí)，他們會(huì)感到有壓力，覺(jué)得自己也需加入其中。

Sexism was described as widespread, and baked in from a young age. The belief that society placed a higher premium on masculinity than femininity was reflected in views of how to raise children: Respondents more often approved of teaching girls that it was acceptable to be like boys than the other way around.

人們認(rèn)為性別歧視十分普遍，并且自幼形成。社會(huì)高度重視男性而非女性的看法，反映在了人們養(yǎng)育孩子的觀(guān)點(diǎn)之中：受訪(fǎng)者往往更支持去告訴女孩，她們可以像男孩子，但反過(guò)來(lái)就沒(méi)那么支持了。

Three-quarters of people said it was important for parents of girls to encourage them to participate in the same activities as boys and to develop skills considered masculine. But a smaller majority — just under two-thirds of respondents — thought parents of boys should encourage them to do girls’ activities or develop skills considered feminine.

四分之三的人表示，女孩的父母鼓勵(lì)孩子參加和男孩子一樣的活動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)有男子氣的技能非常重要。認(rèn)為男孩的父母應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)他們參加女孩子的活動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)一些女性化技能的受訪(fǎng)者，雖占多數(shù)但要比前者少——略低于三分之二。

A large majority of women thought parents should break gender norms when raising either girls or boys, but men’s opinions changed depending on the sex of the child. Seventy-two percent thought parents should break gender norms for girls, and 56 percent for boys. Two-thirds of Republicans thought parents of girls should break gender norms, but less than half thought parents of boys should.

大部分的女性認(rèn)為，父母在養(yǎng)育孩子時(shí)，不論男女，都應(yīng)該打破性別規(guī)范。但男性的意見(jiàn)則根據(jù)孩子的性別有所不同。72%的男性認(rèn)為父母在養(yǎng)育女孩時(shí)應(yīng)該打破性別規(guī)范，而只有56%的人認(rèn)為在養(yǎng)育男孩時(shí)也應(yīng)如此。三分之二的共和黨人認(rèn)為女孩的父母應(yīng)該打破性別規(guī)范，但認(rèn)為男孩父母也要這么做的人卻只有一半不到。

In questions about life outside the workplace, most respondents said men and women were different in how they expressed their feelings and in their physical abilities, hobbies and parenting styles, according to the survey, which was nationally representative. Pew surveyed 4,573 adults in August and September using its American Trends Panel. (See how your views compare by taking Pew’s quiz on the topic.)

在這份具有全國(guó)代表性的調(diào)查中，大多數(shù)的受訪(fǎng)者在回答有關(guān)工作以外的生活的問(wèn)題時(shí)，會(huì)表示男女在表達(dá)情感以及在身體能力、愛(ài)好、育兒方式上都有不同。在8月和9月間，皮尤美國(guó)趨勢(shì)小組(American Trends Panel)對(duì)4573名成年人進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。

There was a partisan divide about whether these gender differences were the result of biology (and thus unlikely to change) or societal norms. More than half of Republicans said biology determined differences in how men and women parented, expressed feelings or spent their free time. About two-thirds of Democrats described society as the primary driver of these differences.

關(guān)于這些性別差異是否源自生理因素(并且因此難以改變)還是社會(huì)規(guī)范，還曾有過(guò)黨派分歧。過(guò)半的共和黨人認(rèn)為，生理因素決定了男女兩性在育兒方式、情感表達(dá)、閑暇活動(dòng)上的差別;而三分之二的民主黨人將社會(huì)因素看做這些差異的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力。

Women were also likelier than men to attribute gender differences to nurture, not nature.

女性還比男性更可能將性別差異歸咎于培養(yǎng)教育，而非天性。

For instance, 87 percent of survey respondents said men and women expressed feelings differently. But two-thirds of women said this was based on societal expectations, while more than half of men thought it was because of biological differences. This was the gender difference that the largest share of respondents of both sex — about a quarter — thought was a bad thing.

比如說(shuō)，在回應(yīng)問(wèn)卷的人中，有87%的人表示男女在情感表達(dá)上有差別。三分之二的女性認(rèn)為這是基于社會(huì)期望，而超過(guò)半數(shù)的男性認(rèn)為這是由于生理差異。受訪(fǎng)者中認(rèn)為這方面的性別差異是壞事的人占比最高——約四分之一。

In terms of gender differences in parenting styles and approaches, 60 percent of women said they were societal, while a similar share of men said they were biological. This was the gender difference that the largest share of respondents — just over half — thought was a good thing.

關(guān)于育兒的方式方法上的性別差異，60%的女性認(rèn)為這是社會(huì)因素，而相似比例的男性認(rèn)為這是生理原因。受訪(fǎng)者中認(rèn)為這個(gè)差異是好事的人占比最高——剛剛過(guò)半。

Being a woman, according to respondents, meant pressure to be physically attractive and to be an involved parent.

在受訪(fǎng)者看來(lái)，作為女人，就意味著要外形好看，還要做一個(gè)盡心的母親。

Being a man meant facing pressure to support a family financially and to be professionally successful, emotionally strong and interested in sports. To a lesser extent, it also meant being willing to throw a punch if provoked. Nearly half of men, and more than half of millennial men, said it also meant facing pressure to have many sexual partners and to join in when other men talked about women in sexual ways.

作為男人，意味著要面對(duì)養(yǎng)家糊口的壓力，要做到職業(yè)成功、感情堅(jiān)毅，還要對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣?；蛟S也可能意味著一被挑釁就想去打架。將近一半的男性以及超過(guò)半數(shù)千禧一代的男性表示，壓力迫使他們需要去擁有許多的性伴侶，或者當(dāng)其他男人在從性的方面談?wù)撆詴r(shí)，他們感到有必要加入。

Democrats were more likely than Republicans to say that society looks up to masculine men — but Democrats were also much more likely to say that society’s esteem for masculinity is a bad thing.

民主黨人比共和黨人更有可能說(shuō)出“社會(huì)推崇陽(yáng)剛的男性”這樣的話(huà)——但民主黨人也更可能說(shuō)社會(huì)推崇陽(yáng)剛之氣是一件壞事。

Despite the deep-seated beliefs about gender differences, there were some signs in the survey responses that attitudes about gender roles were becoming less rigid, particularly among women and Democrats, who were more likely to say that society should be more accepting of nontraditional gender roles.

盡管性別差異的觀(guān)念根深蒂固，調(diào)查反饋中也有跡象表明，人們對(duì)性別角色的態(tài)度正在慢慢軟化，尤其是在女性和民主黨人中，他們更有可能表示社會(huì)應(yīng)更接納非傳統(tǒng)性別角色。

When survey respondents thought about the next generation, there were certain qualities associated with one gender — like taking on leadership for boys and expressing emotions for girls — that most thought should be encouraged more equally.

當(dāng)受訪(fǎng)者在考慮下一代時(shí)，大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)某個(gè)性別的某些特質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)——比如男性要去擔(dān)起領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作、女性允許有情感流露——更加平等。

More than half of respondents said there should be more emphasis for boys to talk about their emotions when they are upset and to do well in school. As for girls, more than half of respondents said there should be more emphasis on being leaders and on standing up for themselves. In playground games, at least, we might see more girls leading the teams, and more boys explaining how winning or losing makes them feel.

超過(guò)半數(shù)的受訪(fǎng)者表示，應(yīng)該更重視男孩在難過(guò)時(shí)如何抒發(fā)感情，以及如何在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀。超過(guò)半數(shù)的受訪(fǎng)者表示，對(duì)女孩來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)該更重視培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，并學(xué)會(huì)去維護(hù)自己。這樣，至少在操場(chǎng)上玩游戲時(shí)，我們還有可能看到女孩成為隊(duì)長(zhǎng)，而有更多的男孩能說(shuō)說(shuō)獲勝或失敗讓他們有何感受。