川普為什么愛(ài)用這7種表情？

A great deal of Donald Trump's political success can be put down to his body language and the unusual ways he uses his face. The first thing we notice about Trump's facial expressions is the sheer variety. The second is their dramatic, often over-stated character. This was evident before and during the presidential election. But what are Trump's signature facial expressions, and what do they tell us about him?

特朗普的政治成功很大程度上可以歸功于其肢體語(yǔ)言和與眾不同的面部表情。首先，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的面部表情非常豐富。其次，這些面部表情都很做作夸張。這一點(diǎn)在大選前和大選期間都非常明顯。但是特朗普最有特色的面部表情是什么?你知道這些表情向我們透露什么?

1. Alpha face 阿爾法表情

During the campaign, Trump eclipsed Clinton in the macho stakes. He did this by adopting an "alpha face" of lowered brows, narrowed eyes and a firmly set mouth. This expression is the antithesis of submissiveness. Psychologists have discovered that smiling men are widely perceived as less dominant and that powerful men show reduced levels of smiling. Individuals who want to demonstrate that they are not a threat are more likely to raise their eyebrows, widen their eyes and flash a smile – the precise opposite of what Trump does in this effort to remind everyone that he is not the kind of guy you can push around.

論氣勢(shì)，特朗普在競(jìng)選過(guò)中蓋過(guò)了希拉里。他壓低眉毛、瞇起眼睛、嘴角僵硬，用盛氣凌人的“阿爾法表情”壓制了希拉里。心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們普遍認(rèn)為愛(ài)笑的男性沒(méi)那么強(qiáng)勢(shì)，而有權(quán)有勢(shì)的男性較少微笑。當(dāng)人們想表示自己不具有威脅時(shí)，會(huì)挑起眉毛，睜大眼睛，露出微笑——特朗普所做的恰恰相反，這是為了提醒所有人他不是那種任人擺布的人。

2. Angry face 憤怒的表情

Most politicians, when they are angry, will allow themselves a modicum of indignation. That's not enough for Trump. When he's incensed, he pulls out all the stops and produces a larger-than-life spectacle of fury - eyes narrowed, brows tightly knitted together, mouth open and jaw tense. It is tempting to think that Trump's outbursts come from a lack of inhibition, but their true source is more likely to be his realisation that exhibitions of anger reinforce an impression of dominance. This is certainly in line with research by psychologists, which shows that people with a strong sense of entitlement, or who see themselves as powerful and unchallenged, are more ready to engage in public displays of anger than others.

大部分政客在生氣時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出些許憤慨。但特朗普不滿(mǎn)足于此。當(dāng)他被激怒時(shí)，他會(huì)瞇眼皺眉、大張嘴巴、繃緊下巴，使盡渾身解數(shù)做出極其夸張的憤怒表情。人們很容易認(rèn)為特朗普發(fā)火是因?yàn)槿狈ψ灾屏Γ嬲脑蚝芸赡苁撬辣憩F(xiàn)憤怒會(huì)深化他的強(qiáng)勢(shì)形象。這點(diǎn)與心理學(xué)家的研究相吻合，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)權(quán)利意識(shí)很強(qiáng)的人、或者認(rèn)為自己有權(quán)有勢(shì)、無(wú)可匹敵的人比其他人更容易在公眾面前表現(xiàn)憤怒。

3. Chin-jut 下頜微抬

One of the ways that Trump tries to look like a tough politician is by jutting out his chin. The chin-jut relies on the fact that men with bigger chins have higher levels of testosterone and, partly for this reason, are more likely to reach positions of power. In a study at West Point military academy in the US, for example, it was discovered that male cadets who had larger chins were more likely to reach the rank of general in later life than their small-chinned peers. By using the chin-jut, Trump is taking full advantage of this fact – tilting his head back, thrusting out his lower jaw and attempting to give the impression that he deserves to be in charge.

特朗普試圖讓自己看起來(lái)像一位強(qiáng)勢(shì)政治家的方法之一是微抬下巴。這是因?yàn)橄骂M大的男性睪丸素含量更高，在一定程度上，這樣的男人更有可能獲得權(quán)力。比如，美國(guó)西點(diǎn)軍事學(xué)院的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與下巴小的同伴相比，下頜較大的學(xué)員日后更有可能獲得上將軍銜。特朗普充分利用了這點(diǎn)——他向后仰頭，微抬下巴，試圖給人一種應(yīng)該由他做主的印象。

4. Big smile 燦爛的笑容

Although Trump instinctively recognises the demeaning potential of smiling, there are occasions when he is prepared to throw caution to the wind and give a full-blown smile, with his teeth on display and wrinkles around the corners of the eyes - the latter being the feature that defines a genuine as opposed to a fake display of happiness. Trump tends to produce these beaming smiles when he is in a convivial setting and when he doesn't feel the need to look like a leader, or when he is with people whose company he enjoys - as demonstrated by his post-election photograph with Nigel Farage.

雖然特朗普本能地認(rèn)為微笑似乎有失身份，但是他也會(huì)在一些場(chǎng)合放松警惕，展開(kāi)笑容，亮出牙齒，笑到眼角露出皺紋。與皮笑肉不笑相比，笑容滿(mǎn)面讓人感到真誠(chéng)。特朗普一般在交際以及不需要像個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人時(shí)、或者和喜歡的人在一起時(shí)會(huì)露出熱情的笑容。大選后他與奈杰爾•法拉奇的合照證明了這一點(diǎn)。

5. Zipped smile 抿嘴微笑

This is the smile that Trump defaults to when he is in the public eye: the mouth is closed and the teeth remain hidden. That's because the risorius muscles, which pull the corners of the mouth sideways, are much more active in this case than the zygomatic major muscles, which pull the corners of the mouth upwards and are otherwise involved in a full-blown smile. The result of this is that the zipped smile appears more guarded – and because the mouth is stretched sideways, it makes the face look slightly wider.

嘴巴緊閉、笑不露齒是特朗普在公眾面前常見(jiàn)的微笑。這是因?yàn)槊蜃煨r(shí)，向兩側(cè)拉伸嘴角的笑肌比向上拉伸嘴角讓笑容綻放的顴大肌更活躍。抿嘴微笑看起來(lái)更慎重，且嘴向兩側(cè)拉伸使臉部看起來(lái)略寬。

There could be several reasons why Trump is so attached to the zipped smile. One is that it makes him look less submissive. By avoiding a full-blown smile, he is able to appear circumspect, while keeping his options open - something he evidently likes to do.

特朗普之所如此鐘情于抿嘴微笑有幾個(gè)原因。其中之一是這讓他看起來(lái)不那么唯唯諾諾。避免笑容滿(mǎn)面讓他顯得謹(jǐn)慎，卻又給自己留有余地——這顯然是他喜歡做的事。

Trump might also be unconsciously attracted to the zipped smile because it increases the apparent width-to-height ratio of his face, which in turn makes him look more masculine and macho. Psychologists have consistently shown that men with a high facial width-to-height ratio are not only seen as tougher and more attractive, they also have higher levels of testosterone and are actually more competitive.

特朗普也可能在不知不覺(jué)中就想要抿嘴微笑，因?yàn)檫@樣增加了面部寬高比，讓他看起來(lái)更加陽(yáng)剛且有男子氣概。心理學(xué)家一貫認(rèn)為，面部寬高之比高的男性不僅看起來(lái)更強(qiáng)壯、有魅力，而且他們的睪丸素水平更高，實(shí)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力更強(qiáng)。

6. Puckered chin 縮下頜

Some of Trump's zipped smiles are straightforward, but a large proportion of them are accompanied by a puckerechin. These are what psychologists call "blended facial expressions". The presence of this additional facial expression is quite significant because people often pull their chins in when they feel threatened - it's a way of tensing the chin in anticipation of being symbolically punched in the face. The fact that a puckered chin features in so many of Trump's zipped smiles suggests that he frequently feels threatened. Because zipped smiles are so effective at capturing people’s attention, they provide a perfect vehicle for Trump to disguise his feelings of vulnerability.

特朗普有時(shí)只是單純抿嘴微笑，但大部分時(shí)候，他在笑的同時(shí)還會(huì)縮下巴。心理學(xué)家稱(chēng)之為“復(fù)合面部表情”。這一附加的面部表情的意義很重要，人經(jīng)常會(huì)在感受到威脅時(shí)縮下巴——這是預(yù)計(jì)自己會(huì)被“打臉”時(shí)繃緊下巴的一種方式。特朗普在抿嘴微笑時(shí)多次縮下巴說(shuō)明他時(shí)常感受到威脅。因?yàn)槊蜃煳⑿Ψ浅Ｒ俗⒁?，所以這成為特朗普掩飾其脆弱情感的最佳方式。

7. Exaggerated mouth 夸張的嘴型

You can't help notice the way Trump protrudes and contorts his mouth. In fact, his lips appear to have an almost prehensile quality, as if they were an extra pair of hands, reaching out from his face to manipulate the world around him. There are, however, at least two explanations we might consider. One is that Trump amplifies his lip movements because he is not completely convinced that people fully understand what he's saying. Studies have shown that when mothers are talking to their infants, they often protrude their lips and make exaggerated mouth movements in an attempt to make themselves better understood.

你會(huì)忍不住注意特朗普撅嘴和咧嘴的樣子。事實(shí)上，他的嘴唇似乎可以纏繞起來(lái)，就像是臉上長(zhǎng)出的兩只手，操縱著周?chē)氖澜?。而我們至少可以從兩點(diǎn)來(lái)看待這一表情。一是特朗普放大其嘴部動(dòng)作是因?yàn)樗煌耆嘈湃藗兂浞掷斫饬怂脑?。研究表明，?dāng)媽媽和嬰兒說(shuō)話時(shí)，她們常常撅起嘴巴，做出夸張的嘴型以試圖讓嬰兒更好的理解。

It is also conceivable that Trump's exaggerated mouth movements are simply another example of a generalised strategy that involves using "supernormal stimuli" to attract attention to himself. Recent research on humans suggests that, like birds and fish, we too have an innate orienting reflex to supernormal stimuli, and that we respond more powerfully to things that are larger-than-life, whether in the realm of luxury goods, food or sex. Maybe Trump's mouth movements - together with his histrionic hand gestures and overstated opinions - are all unknowingly designed to capitalise on this human reaction.

特朗普夸張的嘴型也可能是一種廣義上的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，即用“超常刺激”來(lái)博取人們的注意力。近日一項(xiàng)人類(lèi)研究顯示，與鳥(niǎo)、魚(yú)一樣，人類(lèi)對(duì)于奢侈品、食物、性等方面的“超常刺激”也具有天生的定向反射，對(duì)于惹人注目的事物反應(yīng)更加強(qiáng)烈。也許特朗普的嘴型及其做作的手勢(shì)和夸張的言辭都在不知不覺(jué)間利用了人類(lèi)的自然反應(yīng)。

So which facial expressions will Trump opt for during his inauguration? Will he try to present himself as a tough guy by putting on his alpha face and jutting out his chin, or will he embrace everyone with a big smile, or possibly even a zipped smile, with or without a puckered chin? Whatever happens, Trump's face is sure to provide important clues about his attitude to the occasion and what is going through his mind. Having chosen to be everyone's face, there's really nowhere for him to hide.

那么特朗普會(huì)在就職典禮上選擇哪種表情呢?他會(huì)微揚(yáng)下巴，擺出阿爾法表情以強(qiáng)勢(shì)的形象現(xiàn)身，或是用燦爛的微笑面對(duì)所有人，還是縮下巴或不縮下巴的抿嘴微笑?無(wú)論發(fā)生什么，特朗普的表情一定會(huì)顯示他對(duì)就職典禮的態(tài)度，以及他腦中的想法。既然選擇當(dāng)一個(gè)公眾人物，那他真的無(wú)處可藏。