中國(guó)將引領(lǐng)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)熱潮

The broadening of the criminal inquiry in Germany into the Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal to include Hans Dieter Pötsch, chairman of its supervisory board, shows how badly VW lost its way.

德國(guó)擴(kuò)大了針對(duì)大眾汽車(chē)(Volkswagen)柴油尾氣排放丑聞的刑事調(diào)查，該公司監(jiān)事會(huì)主席漢斯•迪亞特•波什(Hans Dieter Pötsch)成為調(diào)查對(duì)象，這表明大眾汽車(chē)多么地誤入歧途。

The scandal is still shaking the company: its use of software on up to 11m cars to help them pass emissions tests has carried a heavy price, making VW set aside €18.2bn. It has also disillusioned the industry, ending Europe’s hope of “clean diesel” becoming an enduring alternative to petrol.

這樁丑聞仍在撼動(dòng)該公司：大眾在其1100萬(wàn)輛柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)上安裝作弊軟件幫助這些汽車(chē)通過(guò)尾氣排放檢測(cè)，這一做法的代價(jià)是慘重的，迫使大眾為此撥備182億歐元。大眾還讓汽車(chē)行業(yè)的幻想破滅，終結(jié)了歐洲讓“清潔柴油”成為一種長(zhǎng)久取代汽油的選擇的希望。

The lasting significance of the VW scandal will be to bring forward a shift in engine technology and alter the balance of power among the world’s biggest vehicle markets: the US, Europe and Asia. The lesson for carmakers is: go electric and go to China.

大眾尾氣丑聞的持久影響將促使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變，并改變?nèi)蜃畲笃?chē)市場(chǎng)(美國(guó)、歐洲和亞洲)的實(shí)力平衡。汽車(chē)制造商得到的教訓(xùn)是：生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，到中國(guó)去。

Fuel-efficient diesel, with exhaust filters to limit emissions of nitrogen oxide particles, was supposed both to curb greenhouse gases and limit pollution. In practice, Europe tried to ignore an inconvenient truth about the latter: the UK government was last week instructed by a court to cut diesel fumes in cities faster than it had planned.

節(jié)能柴油配有限制一氧化氮微粒排放的排氣過(guò)濾器，本應(yīng)減少溫室氣體和污染物的排放。實(shí)際上，歐洲試圖忽視有關(guān)后者的一個(gè)讓人不敢面對(duì)的事實(shí)：一家法庭上周敦促英國(guó)政府以比原計(jì)劃更快的速度減少城市的柴油廢氣。

No one could fail to notice such fumes in China. About one-third of the pollution that clogs the skies in cities such as Beijing and Chongqing comes from internal combustion engines as their citizens turn to driving. By the mid 2020s, Chinese consumers could be buying 40m cars a year, twice the number likely to be bought by Americans.

任何人都無(wú)法不關(guān)注中國(guó)的汽車(chē)廢氣。隨著居民紛紛開(kāi)車(chē)上路，籠罩在北京和重慶等城市上空的約三分之一的污染來(lái)自?xún)?nèi)燃機(jī)。到2025年左右，中國(guó)消費(fèi)者每年的汽車(chē)購(gòu)買(mǎi)量可能會(huì)達(dá)到4000萬(wàn)輛，是美國(guó)人的兩倍。

It is a problem but also an opportunity. China is already doing what countries such as the UK are being forced to consider: it is banning heavily polluting cars from cities by auctioning the right to own vehicle number plates while allowing “new energy vehicles” such as electric cars and plug-in electric hybrids an open road.

這是個(gè)問(wèn)題，但也是個(gè)機(jī)遇。中國(guó)已在采取英國(guó)等國(guó)被迫思考的措施：中國(guó)正通過(guò)拍賣(mài)汽車(chē)號(hào)牌所有權(quán)，禁止重污染汽車(chē)在城市行駛，同時(shí)允許電動(dòng)汽車(chē)和插電式混合動(dòng)力汽車(chē)等“新能源汽車(chē)”無(wú)限制上路。

As a result, although the global electric car market is still tiny, it is most advanced in China, where 330,000 new energy vehicles were sold last year. Many of them are bought by local governments and state-owned enterprises for use as delivery vans, or in local ride-sharing schemes, thus giving China’s green carmakers a kick start.

因此，盡管全球電動(dòng)汽車(chē)市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模很小，但在中國(guó)發(fā)展的最快，去年中國(guó)銷(xiāo)售的新能源汽車(chē)有33萬(wàn)輛。其中很多由地方政府和國(guó)有企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)，用作箱式送貨車(chē)或用于地方拼車(chē)計(jì)劃，這讓中國(guó)的環(huán)保汽車(chē)制造商得以起步。

These vehicles are not Teslas: many are quite basic. But they are handing China first-mover advantage in the regulation, technology and manufacturing of electric cars. While Europe’s car­makers and suppliers that specialised in diesel must now rethink, Chinese companies such as BYD and Anhui Jianghuai (JAC) occupy a sweet spot.

這些汽車(chē)不是特斯拉(Tesla)：很多都非常初級(jí)。但它們?cè)陔妱?dòng)汽車(chē)的監(jiān)管、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)方面賦予了中國(guó)先行優(yōu)勢(shì)。比亞迪(BYD)和安徽江淮汽車(chē)(JAC)等中國(guó)企業(yè)已占據(jù)了有利位置，而專(zhuān)門(mén)生產(chǎn)柴油汽車(chē)的歐洲汽車(chē)制造商和供應(yīng)商現(xiàn)在必須反思。

Diesel was under threat before the VW scandal: the tightening of European emissions standards will make it much more expensive for carmakers to offer diesel cars, levelling the price gap with electric vehicles. AlixPartners, the consultancy, expects diesel cars to account for only 9 per cent of European sales by 2030, compared with 56 per cent five years ago.

在大眾汽車(chē)丑聞之前，柴油汽車(chē)面臨危險(xiǎn)：歐洲排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的收緊將大大提高汽車(chē)制造商生產(chǎn)柴油汽車(chē)的成本，這將拉平與電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的價(jià)格差距。咨詢(xún)公司艾睿鉑(AlixPartners)預(yù)計(jì)，到2030年，柴油汽車(chē)將僅占到歐洲汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)量的9%，5年前為56%。

The limited range of electric cars, and lack of convenient recharging stations, has until now put off most buyers. Plug-in hybrids, such as the Chevrolet Volt and BMW 330e, make up for that by having two engines — one combustion and one electric. But this requires a lot of costly components from sophisticated European and US suppliers, such as Robert Bosch and Delphi.

到目前為止，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)車(chē)型有限以及缺乏便利的充電設(shè)施讓多數(shù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)者望而卻步。為了彌補(bǔ)這點(diǎn)，插電式混合動(dòng)力汽車(chē)(例如雪佛蘭伏特(Chevrolet Volt) 和寶馬(BMW)的330e)配備了兩個(gè)引擎(一個(gè)是內(nèi)燃機(jī)，一個(gè)是電動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))。但這需要很多昂貴的來(lái)自歐美高級(jí)供應(yīng)商的零配件，例如羅伯特•博世(Robert Bosch)和德?tīng)柛?Delphi)。

Pure electric vehicles are simpler and do not need the same array of components. Battery advances mean that they should be able to drive up to 600km on one charge by 2020, the range VW promises for its proposed ID car. They would then be more appealing.

純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)更為簡(jiǎn)單，不需要同樣多的零配件。電池技術(shù)的進(jìn)步意味著到2020年，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)一次充電可行駛最高600公里，這是大眾汽車(chē)為其ID電動(dòng)概念車(chē)承諾的目標(biāo)。到那時(shí)，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)就更具吸引力了。

This provides the opportunity for China to leapfrog US and western technology in the same way that some developing countries adopted mobile smartphones before fixed networks were built. The Chinese government knows it: the five-year plan unveiled in April heavily endorses green technology.

這為中國(guó)超越美國(guó)和西方技術(shù)提供了機(jī)會(huì)，就像一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家在固話(huà)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建成前跳躍到移動(dòng)智能手機(jī)一樣。中國(guó)政府明白這點(diǎn)：4月公布的5年規(guī)劃大力支持環(huán)保技術(shù)。

China has an industrial stake in electric vehicles. While international carmakers tend to buy batteries produced by Japanese and South Korean companies, Chinese companies use Chinese suppliers including BYD and Amperex Technology. China’s lack of top-tier suppliers for combustion engines components matters less in electric.

電動(dòng)汽車(chē)對(duì)于中國(guó)工業(yè)有著重要意義。國(guó)際汽車(chē)制造商往往會(huì)購(gòu)買(mǎi)由日本和韓國(guó)公司生產(chǎn)的電池，中國(guó)企業(yè)則使用包括比亞迪和新能源科技(Amperex Technology)在內(nèi)的中國(guó)供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品。中國(guó)在內(nèi)燃機(jī)零配件方面沒(méi)有一線(xiàn)供應(yīng)商，但這在電動(dòng)汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域不那么重要。

The VW scandal does not eliminate every advantage of European manufacturers and suppliers. A simple form of hybrid engine involving more powerful electronics is one alternative to diesel: UBS, the investment bank, estimates that 48-volt mild hybrid technology will be a €4bn market by 2020.

大眾汽車(chē)尾氣排放丑聞沒(méi)有完全消除歐洲制造商和供應(yīng)商的優(yōu)勢(shì)。使用更強(qiáng)大電路的簡(jiǎn)單形式的混合動(dòng)力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是一種取代柴油的選擇：投行瑞銀(UBS)估計(jì)，到2020年，48伏微混電動(dòng)技術(shù)市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模將達(dá)到40億歐元。

Nor will China’s carmakers have it all their own way at home. About 95 per cent of electric cars sold in China last year were made by Chinese companies, according to Automotive Foresight Shanghai, a consultancy. As carmakers such as VW and Nissan focus more heavily on China, that is bound to fall. VW is planning an electric vehicle joint venture with JAC.

中國(guó)汽車(chē)制造商將無(wú)法在國(guó)內(nèi)自得其樂(lè)。上海咨詢(xún)公司Automotive Foresight稱(chēng)，去年，在中國(guó)銷(xiāo)售的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)中，大約95%由中國(guó)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)。隨著大眾和日產(chǎn)(Nissan)等汽車(chē)制造商加大對(duì)中國(guó)的關(guān)注，這個(gè)數(shù)字肯定會(huì)下滑。大眾汽車(chē)正計(jì)劃與江淮汽車(chē)組建一家電動(dòng)汽車(chē)合資公司。

But China has plenty of levers to pull. Just as Europe’s dominance in diesel emerged from tight regulation of carbon emissions, China can lead the global electric vehicle market through force majeure. Its city-based experiments with electric transport have been a mixed bag but it will keep trying.

然而，中國(guó)有很多籌碼。正如歐洲在柴油領(lǐng)域的主導(dǎo)地位來(lái)自于對(duì)碳排放的嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管，中國(guó)可以通過(guò)強(qiáng)制引領(lǐng)全球電動(dòng)汽車(chē)市場(chǎng)。中國(guó)以城市為基礎(chǔ)的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)交通嘗試一直好壞參半，但中國(guó)將繼續(xù)努力。

The danger for VW and other Europeans is of becoming stuck in the past, over-invested in diesel when the future is electric. Mr Pötsch’s earlier behaviour is not really the difficulty.

大眾汽車(chē)和其他歐洲汽車(chē)廠(chǎng)商的危險(xiǎn)在于，在未來(lái)方向是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)之際，它們沉迷于過(guò)去，在柴油領(lǐng)域投資過(guò)度。大眾汽車(chē)監(jiān)事會(huì)主席波什之前的行為實(shí)際上并非難題。