撞不開的機(jī)艙門，摸不透的人性

Post-Sept. 11, Cockpits Are Harder to Invade, but Easier to Lock Up

撞不開的機(jī)艙門，摸不透的人性

Although airplane cockpits are supposed to be the last line of defense from outside aggressors, airlines have fewer options if the threat comes from within.

飛機(jī)駕駛艙本應(yīng)是針對(duì)外來(lái)入侵者的最后一道防線，但如果威脅來(lái)自艙內(nèi)，航空公司能做的就不多了。

By apparently locking the captain out of the cockpit before a German jet crashed Tuesday, the co-pilot appears to have taken advantage of one of the major safety protocols instituted after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks that turned cockpits into fortresses.

目前看來(lái)，于周二墜毀的一架德國(guó)飛機(jī)的駕駛員，在失事前被副駕駛鎖在了艙外，這名副駕駛顯然利用了2001年9月11日襲擊事件后實(shí)施的一項(xiàng)重要安全規(guī)范——將飛機(jī)駕駛艙變成一座堅(jiān)不可摧的堡壘。

And the crash is already raising questions about possible gaps in how airlines review the mental health of their pilots.

此次失事已經(jīng)令人開始懷疑，航空公司對(duì)飛行員精神健康狀況的評(píng)估工作可能存在不足。

The crash, which killed all 150 people aboard the Germanwings Airbus A320, highlights a major difference between European and American flight deck procedures. The Federal Aviation Administration mandates that a flight attendant must sit in the cockpit when either pilot steps into the passenger area; European regulations do not have a similar two-person rule.

這架德國(guó)之翼(Germanwings)空客A320機(jī)上的150人無(wú)一生還，事故突顯了歐洲和美國(guó)駕駛艙規(guī)程的一個(gè)重大差異。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration，簡(jiǎn)稱FAA)規(guī)定，當(dāng)兩名駕駛員中的一名進(jìn)入乘客區(qū)時(shí)，需要有一名空乘坐在駕駛艙內(nèi);歐洲空管方面沒有類似的兩人規(guī)則。

Responding to the glaring safety breach, several foreign airlines, including Air Canada, Norwegian Air Shuttle and easyJet, said Thursday that they would immediately institute a two-person rule in the cockpit.

面對(duì)如此明顯的安全漏洞，包括加拿大航空公司(Air Canada)、挪威航空(Norwegian Air Shuttle)和易捷航空(EasyJet)在內(nèi)的多家外國(guó)航空公司在周四表示會(huì)立即實(shí)施駕駛艙內(nèi)的兩人規(guī)則。

“It is shocking to me that there was not a second person present in the cockpit,” said Mark Rosenker, a former chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board.

“駕駛艙內(nèi)居然沒有第二人在場(chǎng)，這讓我十分震驚，”前美國(guó)國(guó)家運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)(National Transportation Safety Board)主席馬克·羅森克(Mark Rosenker)說。

Access to the cockpit is strictly regulated in the United States. Passengers are not allowed to congregate near the cockpit door, and whenever the door is open, no one is allowed in the forward bathroom and flight attendants usually block aisle access, sometimes using a food cart.

在美國(guó)，駕駛艙的進(jìn)出是受到嚴(yán)格管制的。乘客不允許在駕駛艙門附近聚集，在艙門打開時(shí)，任何人都不能使用飛機(jī)前部的衛(wèi)生間，空乘通常會(huì)擋住走道——有時(shí)候會(huì)用餐車。

But the two-person rule did not come about out of a concern of having to deter or fend off a rogue pilot. Rather, the thinking was to never leave a pilot alone in case of illness or incapacitation.

然而，制定兩人規(guī)則的初衷并非嚇阻或制止行為不軌的駕駛員。它的意圖是在駕駛員遇到疾病或突發(fā)性機(jī)能喪失的情況下，一定不會(huì)孤身一人在駕駛艙內(nèi)。

And while a small percentage of American pilots carry guns, the two-person rule is still not a fail-safe against a rogue pilot, experts say.

專家說，雖然美國(guó)民航駕駛員中有一小部分人會(huì)攜帶槍支，但面對(duì)行為不軌的駕駛員，兩人規(guī)則并非一種完美的保障措施。

The Germanwings accident also points to potential shortcomings in how pilots are screened for mental problems, a recurring concern for an industry that demands focus and discipline in an increasingly technical job, often in stressful situations.

此次德國(guó)之翼墜毀事件還暴露了駕駛員精神問題審查機(jī)制上可能存在的缺陷，在這個(gè)十分看重專注度和紀(jì)律性的行業(yè)里，這方面的擔(dān)憂由來(lái)已久。飛機(jī)駕駛員是一個(gè)技術(shù)性越來(lái)越強(qiáng)的工種，而且往往要面臨巨大壓力。

“I think that this incident is going to have a profound effect on the industry and how pilots are screened on an ongoing basis and what they are screened for,” said Peter Goelz, a former managing director at the National Transportation Safety Board.

“我認(rèn)為這次事故會(huì)給業(yè)內(nèi)帶來(lái)深遠(yuǎn)影響，關(guān)系到我們?nèi)绾纬掷m(xù)審查駕駛員，以及在哪些方面審查駕駛員，”前運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)執(zhí)行主任彼得·戈?duì)柶?Peter Goelz)說。

While the issue of pilot health has been a longstanding concern in the industry, detecting psychological problems can be a major challenge, Mr. Rosenker said.

羅森克說，駕駛員健康問題一直是業(yè)內(nèi)十分關(guān)切的，但心理問題的檢測(cè)是一個(gè)大難題。

In 2012, a well-regarded pilot with JetBlue, one of the airline’s earliest employees, was physically restrained by passengers on a flight from New York to Las Vegas after displaying erratic behavior. In that case, the co-pilot locked the pilot out of the cabin and made an emergency landing in Amarillo, Tex.

2012年，捷藍(lán)航空(JetBlue)的一名駕駛員在從紐約飛往拉斯維加斯的航班上舉止異常，隨后被乘客控制住，這名駕駛員口碑甚佳，是最早加入公司的員工之一。在那起事件中，副駕駛員將駕駛員鎖在艙外，而后將飛機(jī)緊急迫降在德克薩斯州埃默里洛。

Afterward, David Barger, the airline’s chief executive at the time, described the pilot as a “consummate professional.”

捷藍(lán)航空首席執(zhí)行官戴維·巴杰爾(David Barger)后來(lái)稱那位駕駛員是一個(gè)“技藝高超的專業(yè)人士”。

“I’ve known the captain personally for a long period of time,” Mr. Barger said, “and there’s been no indication of this at all.”

“我跟機(jī)長(zhǎng)有多年的私交，”巴杰爾說，“完全看不出他能做出這種事。”

Said Mr. Rosenker, “You are dealing with humanity, with human frailty, with the human mind.”

羅森克說，“這是在跟人性、人的弱點(diǎn)、人的心思打交道。”

Officials at Germanwings and its parent company, Lufthansa, seemed to grapple with this issue on Thursday in trying to explain the incomprehensible.

面對(duì)此事的種種不解之處，德國(guó)之翼及其母公司漢莎航空(Lufthansa)的官員在周四顯得很尷尬。

“We have no indication what could have led the co-pilot to commit this terrible act,” Carsten Spohr, Lufthansa’s chief executive, said at a news conference. “Such an isolated act can never be completely ruled out. The best system in the world can’t stop it.”

“我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何跡象表明副駕駛員會(huì)有如此可怕的舉動(dòng)，”漢莎航空首席執(zhí)行官卡斯滕·施波爾(Carsten Spohr)在新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上說。“像這樣的個(gè)別行為是不可能完全避免的。世上最好的系統(tǒng)也無(wú)法阻止它。”

The co-pilot, a 27-year-old German identified as Andreas Lubitz, apparently enjoyed his job and had passed all certification tests and medical exams. “He was 100 percent flightworthy without any limitations,” Mr. Spohr said.

經(jīng)確認(rèn)，這名副駕駛員是現(xiàn)年27歲的德國(guó)人安德烈亞斯·盧比茨(Andreas Lubitz)，看上去他很喜歡這份工作，也通過了所有的考核和體檢。“他是百分之百具備飛行條件的，沒有任何不足，”施波爾說。

In the United States, pilots are screened for medical and psychological issues before being hired, and are randomly tested afterward for drug and alcohol use. They must undergo medical examinations once a year if they are under 40, and twice after that, to keep their certification with the F.A.A.

在美國(guó)，飛機(jī)駕駛員受聘前要接受身體和心理檢查，此后還要隨機(jī)接受毒品和酒精檢測(cè)。要想保住FAA頒發(fā)的證書，不到40歲的駕駛員每年要接受一次體檢，40歲以后每年兩次。