巴西石油女掌門為何夜不能寐

Maria das Graças Foster is no average Brazilianexecutive. For a start, the chief executive ofPetrobras is a woman — in fact, the first woman tolead an oil major. Nor was she born into a life ofprivilege but raised in one of Rio de Janeiro’s mostdangerous slums. After collecting scrap metal forcash as a child, she joined Petrobras as an intern in1978 and accumulated an encyclopedic knowledge ofBrazil’s state-controlled oil producer that would putany boss to shame.

瑪麗亞•格拉卡斯•福斯特(Maria das Graças Foster)并非等閑的巴西企業(yè)高管。首先，這位巴西國(guó)家石油公司(Petrobras)的前首席執(zhí)行官是位女性——事實(shí)上，也是執(zhí)掌大型石油企業(yè)的首位女性。她也沒有顯赫出身，相反她是在里約熱內(nèi)盧最危險(xiǎn)的貧民窟之一長(zhǎng)大。小時(shí)候曾撿廢金屬賣錢的她，于1978年以實(shí)習(xí)生的身份進(jìn)入巴西國(guó)家石油公司，逐漸對(duì)這家國(guó)有石油生產(chǎn)商了如指掌，足以讓任何一個(gè)老板自慚形愧。

 

 

It is a remarkable career path but one that looks likely to end in a sadly familiar way by LatinAmerican standards: with a corruption scandal. Over the past few months, Petrobras hasbecome engulfed in the largest bribery and kickback investigation in Brazil’s history. Prosecutorsbelieve that for much of the past decade, Petrobras executives conspired with Brazil’s largestconstruction firms to inflate the oil company’s contracts, stealing billions of dollars to fundlavish lifestyles, pay bribes and funnel money to politicians, largely from the ruling Workers’party.

這是一條不同尋常的職業(yè)道路，但似乎也是一條很可能以拉丁美洲慣有的悲慘結(jié)局告終的道路：以腐敗丑聞的方式。在過(guò)去幾個(gè)月中，巴西國(guó)家石油公司卷入了該國(guó)史上最大的受賄與回扣案。檢察官相信，在過(guò)去十年大部分時(shí)間內(nèi)，巴西國(guó)家石油公司高層與巴西最大的幾家工程建設(shè)公司合謀虛報(bào)該公司合同價(jià)格，從中牟取數(shù)十億美元用以享受奢侈生活、行賄以及向政客輸送資金，而受賄官員多出自執(zhí)政的勞工黨(Workers'Party)。

While Ms Graças Foster has not been accused of involvement in the scheme, the straight-talking 61-year-old has repeatedly offered her resignation to President Dilma Rousseff. “Thepresident thought I should stay,” she told reporters bluntly in December. The reality, analystssay, is that no sane executive would be willing to take over the company in its currentuncertain state.

盡管格拉卡斯•福斯特并未被指卷入這一丑聞，但這位說(shuō)話坦率的61歲女掌門多次向巴西總統(tǒng)迪爾瑪•羅塞夫(Dilma Rousseff)提出了辭職。“總統(tǒng)認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該留下來(lái)，”去年12月她對(duì)記者坦言。分析師稱，實(shí)際情況是沒有哪個(gè)明智的高管會(huì)愿意接手這家目前看來(lái)前景不明的公司。

As well as facing a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation in the US, Petrobrasremains cut off from capital markets and risks technical default after its auditors PwC refusedto approve its accounts in November. “Any potential candidate to replace Ms Graças Fosterwould be wary of coming on before the current executives sign off the damage,” says JoãoAugusto de Castro Neves of Eurasia Group, a political risk consultancy.

除了要面對(duì)美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)(SEC)的調(diào)查，由于去年11月其審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)普華永道會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所(PwC)拒絕核實(shí)該公司的賬目，巴西國(guó)家石油公司仍然被擋在資本市場(chǎng)之外并面臨技術(shù)性違約的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。“任何可能接替格拉卡斯•福斯特的人選都會(huì)心存警惕，不愿在現(xiàn)任高管結(jié)束這個(gè)爛攤子前接手，”政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)歐亞集團(tuán)(EurasiaGroup)的若昂•奧古斯托•德卡斯特羅•內(nèi)維斯(João Augusto de Castro Neves)稱。

The scandal — dubbed “Car Wash” as petrol stations were allegedly used to launder some ofthe money — is not only a sorry turn of events for Ms Graças Foster but also for Petrobras andBrazil itself. After winning respect for its technological prowess and becoming the envy of theglobal industry in 2007 by making the largest offshore oil discoveries in decades, Petrobrasmay soon have to resort to a government bailout. Similarly, after wowing investors with 7.5 percent growth in 2010, Brazil once again finds itself an object of ridicule in international marketsas the corruption scandal threatens to deepen an expected recession this year. As formerpresident Fernando Henrique Cardoso wrote in his memoirs, “hope followed by disappointmentis a particularly Brazilian cycle”.

因加油站被指用于部分洗錢活動(dòng)而被稱為“洗車”(Car Wash)的丑聞，不論對(duì)格拉卡斯•福斯特個(gè)人，還是對(duì)巴西國(guó)家石油公司甚至巴西來(lái)說(shuō)都是一個(gè)可悲的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。由于發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾處數(shù)十年來(lái)最大的海上油田，2007年巴西國(guó)家石油公司在技術(shù)實(shí)力上贏得尊重，并且成為全球石油業(yè)令人羨慕的對(duì)象。然而，如今該公司可能很快將不得不求助于政府援助。同樣，2010年巴西以7.5%的增長(zhǎng)率令投資者驚艷，但今年因腐敗丑聞可能加深預(yù)期中的衰退程度，巴西發(fā)現(xiàn)自己再次成了國(guó)際市場(chǎng)嘲笑的對(duì)象。巴西前總統(tǒng)費(fèi)爾南多•恩里克•卡多佐(FernandoHenrique Cardoso)在其回憶錄中寫道：“希望之后是失望，這是典型的巴西式循環(huán)。”

Ms Graças Foster, a towering and somewhat gaunt figure, never appeared to harbour anyillusions about the challenges that lay ahead when she became chief executive in February2012.

格拉卡斯•福斯特是高個(gè)子，略顯瘦削，2012年2月出任首席執(zhí)行官，當(dāng)時(shí)她對(duì)即將面臨的挑戰(zhàn)似乎不抱任何幻想。

When asked in an FT interview that year about her ascension up the Petrobras ranks, shereplied: “Power doesn’t come by itself, it comes with responsibility and it’s the responsibility Ilive with, which weighs on me, which wakes me up at two o’clock in the morning, takes me awayfrom my friends, and makes me a more impatient and irritable person”. Despite having thevestiges of a personal life — a husband, two children, a granddaughter, and a love of cats andcooking — she has been quoted as saying she would “die” for the company that transformedher life.

那年，在接受英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》采訪時(shí)被問及升職一事，格拉卡斯•福斯特回答稱：“權(quán)力不會(huì)獨(dú)自到來(lái)，而是伴隨著責(zé)任，那就是我要接受的責(zé)任，它壓在我身上，讓我到凌晨2點(diǎn)醒來(lái)，讓我遠(yuǎn)離朋友，讓我成為一個(gè)更易怒而急躁的人。”盡管她尚擁有一部分私人生活——丈夫、兩個(gè)孩子、一個(gè)孫女，愛貓，愛烹飪——但據(jù)稱她曾說(shuō)過(guò)愿意為了這家改變她一生的公司而“死”的話。

New York and São Paulo quoted Petrobras itself was already in trouble when she took charge.Covert fuel subsidies to help the government battle inflation were costing the company billionsof dollars and there was little Ms Graças Foster could do to change a practice that enragedprivate minority investors. She and Ms Rousseff had been close friends since the president’sdays as an energy official in the 1990s.

在紐約和圣保羅兩地上市的巴西國(guó)家石油公司在格拉卡斯•福斯特接管時(shí)就已經(jīng)陷入困境。幫助政府抵御通脹而提供的隱蔽的燃料補(bǔ)貼，耗費(fèi)了該公司數(shù)十億美元的資金，這一做法激怒了私人投資者，但格拉卡斯•福斯特對(duì)此無(wú)計(jì)可施。自20世紀(jì)90年代羅塞夫擔(dān)任能源官員起，她們便一直是親密的朋友。

Some say the weight on Ms Graças Foster’s shoulders was, in fact, the knowledge of a vastcorruption scandal that had yet to come to light. Venina Velosa da Fonseca, a formerPetrobras manager, said during a tearful television interview last month that she had warnedseveral directors of inflated contracts in 2008, including Ms Graças Foster who was head of thegas and energy division at the time. Ms Graças Foster has vehemently denied she was aware ofthe scheme and Petrobras said it has been taking all necessary measures to investigatealleged irregularities.

有人說(shuō)，格拉卡斯•福斯特肩上的壓力，實(shí)際上是她知道公司內(nèi)存在一個(gè)尚未曝光的巨大腐敗丑聞。巴西國(guó)家石油公司前經(jīng)理韋尼娜•韋洛薩達(dá)方茜卡(Venina Velosa da Fonseca)在不久前的電視采訪中含淚稱，她曾在2008年就虛報(bào)合同價(jià)格問題提醒過(guò)數(shù)位高管，其中包括當(dāng)時(shí)主管天然氣和能源部門的格拉卡斯•福斯特。格拉卡斯•福斯特極力否認(rèn)她事先知情，巴西國(guó)家石油公司則表示一直在采取所有必要措施對(duì)涉嫌違規(guī)行為進(jìn)行調(diào)查。

Whistleblower tales, along with rumours of death threats and money hidden in buried swimmingpools have gripped Brazilians like a sordid soap opera, prompting both despair andfascination. But in two weeks’ time, many will finally get the chance to vent their frustrationover the scandal in a typically Brazilian way — by dressing up for Carnival. Masks modelled onMs Graças Foster’s face are expected to sell out.

舉報(bào)人講的故事，再加上死亡威脅的傳言和藏在被填埋的游泳池內(nèi)的現(xiàn)金，就像一部鄙俗的肥皂劇一樣，緊緊抓住了巴西人的眼球，讓人們既心寒又好奇。但不久后，很多人將有機(jī)會(huì)用典型的巴西方式發(fā)泄對(duì)丑聞的憤怒——在嘉年華(Carnival)上喬裝打扮。仿照格拉卡斯•福斯特樣貌的面具預(yù)計(jì)將會(huì)熱銷。

Her no-nonsense management style has won her the nickname “the tank”, but Ms GraçasFoster also knows how to have fun — a big rock fan, she once admitted to having tattoos in“places you can’t see with clothes on”, according to state-owned broadcaster EBC.

格拉卡斯•福斯特說(shuō)一不二的管理風(fēng)格為自己贏得了“坦克”的綽號(hào)，但她也知道如何享受生活樂趣——她是個(gè)鐵桿的搖滾迷。據(jù)巴西國(guó)有廣播公司EBC報(bào)道，她曾承認(rèn)自己在“衣服底下、你看不到的地方”有紋身。

Yet, she is unlikely to see the funny side this Carnival. More than most, Ms Graças Fosterunderstands the struggles of Brazil’s less fortunate and that their capacity to acceptperennial disappointment has limits. Protesters have taken to the streets to demand MsRousseff’s impeachment over the scandal — a proposition that is gaining some sympathy inthe country’s increasingly dissatisfied Congress. Ms Rousseff, who was chair of Petrobraswhen much of the graft supposedly took place, has denied any involvement in the allegedscheme.

不過(guò)，她不太可能會(huì)看到嘉年華有趣的一面了。格拉卡斯•福斯特?zé)o比了解巴西窮人的艱辛，也知道他們接受再三失望的能力是有極限的。抗議者走上街頭，要求就丑聞一事彈劾羅塞夫——這一提議在日益不滿的巴西議會(huì)也獲得一些支持。據(jù)稱巴西國(guó)家石油公司內(nèi)部的部分貪腐行為發(fā)生在羅塞夫擔(dān)任該公司董事會(huì)主席期間。羅塞夫否認(rèn)與賄賂丑聞?dòng)腥魏螤窟B。

If the protesters get their way, Brazil’s two first ladies may soon both be out of a job.

如果抗議者如愿以償，那么巴西兩位第一夫人可能都要失業(yè)了。