印度女人:家務(wù)男人不做太不公平

India's gender chore gap, the difference between theamount of housework done by women and men, isthe largest of any country for which data isavailable, according to new figures compiled by theWorld Economic Forum.India ranks top, or bottom(depending how you look at it), in terms of thenumber of minutes women spend on houseworkeach day versus the amount of time men dedicateto daily household tasks

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇顯示：在印度的男女之間差距在家務(wù)勞動分配比重中得以表現(xiàn),并且相對于其他國家更為嚴(yán)重。印度女性家務(wù)勞動比重排名世界榜首。。

 

 

Women in India on average spend 351.9 minutes every day doing housework, men spend just51.8 minutes on such duties: a difference of 300.1 minutes. The next closest country isMexico, with a gap of 260.7 minutes.The findings are part of the annual Global Gender GapReport 2014 published Tuesday. This year, India fell 13 places to 114 out of 142 countries inthe latest ranking, which measures equality between the sexes in access to work, education andhealthcare. The fall was caused by a drop in economic participation and opportunity forwomen, as well as a dip in female educational attainment.

2014年全球性別差距報告指出在印度的女性平均每天花351.9分鐘做家務(wù),男人花51.8分鐘工作:一共300.1分鐘的差距。下一個國家是墨西哥,差距為260.7分鐘。今年,在142個國家的最新排名印度13個地方降至114位,用于衡量兩性平等以及獲得工作,教育和醫(yī)療的權(quán)利。下降是由于印度女性經(jīng)濟(jì)參與度和就業(yè)機(jī)會下降,以及女性的受教育程度。

“Indian women end up doing very badly in paid work and one of the reasons for that is thatthey are spending so much time in unpaid work,” said Saadia Zahidi, head of the gender parityprogram at the WEF and one of the authors of the report.The decline in female participationin the workforce has fallen irrespective of the country's economic growth, according to a reportby the International Labor Organization in February 2013.Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, aperiod of rapid economic growth in India, female participation in the work force fell from 37%to 29%.

“印度女性花了那么多時間在無報酬的家務(wù)勞動上所以不可能在出去找工作,”薩迪亞扎西迪說(世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇的性別平等程序主管和報告的作者之一)。女性就業(yè)的下降無關(guān)與國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,國際勞工組織的一份報告顯示。2004 - 05至2004 - 10年,印度經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的時期,女性勞動力的參與從37%降至29%。

"Women have lost out in terms of employment in the growth story," said Indrani Mazumdar, asenior fellow at the Centre for Women's Development Studies in New Delhi.In rural areas, forexample, increased use of machinery in farming has led to a reduction in jobs, and the jobsthat remain usually go to men, Ms. Mazumdar said.But the chore gap is most pronounced incities, rather than villages. Among women surveyed by India's National Sample SurveyOrganization in 2011-12, around 39% in rural areas and about 50% in urban areas spentmost of their time on domestic duties. Of those women, "about 60 per cent in rural areas and64 per cent in urban areas did so due to the reason 'no other member to carry out thedomestic duties,'" according to the survey.

“女性在經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長之中失敗原因有很多“Indrani Mazumdar說(婦女發(fā)展研究中心高級研究員)。例如在農(nóng)村地區(qū)因?yàn)樵黾邮褂脵C(jī)械就會導(dǎo)致減少就業(yè)機(jī)會，但是仍然得有人干活。所以家務(wù)差距最為明顯是在城市,而不是農(nóng)村。印度國家抽樣調(diào)查調(diào)查的女性組織在2011 - 12,大約39%在農(nóng)村地區(qū),約50%在城市花了大部分時間浪費(fèi)在家務(wù)勞動上。

Cultural taboos about female employment makes the problem more pronounced in cities, saidRanjana Kumari, author of "Gender, Work, and Power Relations," and director of New Delhi-based think tank the Centre for Social Research. "Even if women are highly educated, theyaren't allowed by in-laws and husbands to do any job outside the home," Ms. Kumari said. "Women are graduating to get a good groom not a good job," she added.So what are womenin India spending their time doing? The NSSO survey found that the majority spent timemaking cow-dung patties–used for cooking fuel–collecting firewood, sewing, tailoring, orcollecting drinking water.

印度文化禁忌對城市女性就業(yè)是一個打擊,Ranjana Kumari表示“如何處理好印度社會的性別、工作與權(quán)力的關(guān)系“即使是女性受過高等教育，但是公婆和丈夫不允許她們在外面做任何工作,”庫瑪麗女士說。“女人上大學(xué)是為了找好的新郎而不是為了找一個好工作,”她補(bǔ)充道。所以女性在印度花費(fèi)他們的時間是在干什么?NSSO(國家樣本測量組織)的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)花時間是把牛糞做成小餡餅樣子當(dāng)柴火用,還有做衣服,或者收集飲用水(河邊打水)。

 

 

Urban Indian women also make cow-dung patties and walk to collect clean water, but in lowernumbers. Other household chores performed by women included: fishing, grinding food grain,husking rice paddy, preserving meat and tutoring children.Solving India's shortage of power andclean water could help get more women into the workforce, said Indu Agnihotri, director of theCentre for Women's Development Studies."Women spend so much time negotiating the lack ofbasic civic amenities, like water and power, that even though they have a desire for work thereare obstacles to getting it," Ms. Agnihotri said.

印度城市女性也把牛糞做成餡餅,或者走到河邊收集干凈的水,但是比較而言城市女性更喜歡去釣魚、磨糧食,剝稻殼,保存鮮肉和輔導(dǎo)孩子。如果能解決印度的電力短缺和干凈的水的問題可以幫助更多的女性進(jìn)入職場,婦女發(fā)展研究中心主任Indu Agnihotri說。“女人花那么多時間去承受缺乏基本的市政設(shè)施,像水、電的痛苦，即使他們渴望得到一份工作也是有障礙的“Agnihotri女士說。