歐洲10大最智慧的城市
歐洲10大最智慧的城市
When it comes to smart cities, Europe is the model for the rest of the world to learn from. European cities tend to be denser, have better public transit, larger commitment to cycling and walking, a stronger focus on sustainability and low-carbon solutions, and perhaps most important, a culture and citizenry more engaged in the journey towards more sustainable and smarter cities. Of course this is a generalization: this series of regional ranking reports has demonstrated leadership from cities across the globe.
說到智慧城市，歐洲是世界上其他城市學(xué)習(xí)的典范。歐洲城市往往人口更稠密，公共交通更完善，對自行車和步行投入更多，更重視可持續(xù)性和低碳的解決方案。而且，可能最重要的是，歐洲文化和歐洲公民更致力于建設(shè)可持續(xù)性更強(qiáng)和更智慧城市的進(jìn)程。當(dāng)然，這只是概括而言：這一系列的地區(qū)排名報告已經(jīng)表明了這些城市在全球范圍內(nèi)的領(lǐng)先狀況。
But, as I wrote in our rankings of North America's smartest cities, our urban centers "demand 21st-century solutions to accommodate their growing populations in ways that not only maintain the quality of life, but also improve it. In short, smart cities are innovative cities."
但是，正如我在北美最智慧的城市排名中所寫的，我們的城市中心“要求以21世紀(jì)的解決方式來容納日益增長的人口，這些方式不僅要能夠維持現(xiàn)有的生活質(zhì)量，而且要使之有所提高。總而言之，智慧城市也應(yīng)該是創(chuàng)新型城市。”
Without further ado, here is the top 10 smart cities for Europe in 2013(and here's more about how we ranked them).
無需多說，以下是2013年歐洲10個最智慧城市(以及我們進(jìn)行如此排名的原因)。
1: COPENHAGEN
1. 哥本哈根(Copenhagen)
Notching top spot for the second year in a row Copenhagen has established a reputation as the leading green city across the globe. Copenhagen led the Siemens Green City Index for Europe and has also been selected as the European Green Capital for 2014. And with good reason. Copenhagen has one of the lowest carbon footprints/capita in the world (less than two tons/capita). Copenhagen also has the most ambitious carbon reduction plan of any major city in the world. They aspire to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025. That may sound a ways away but that is only 12 years from now.
連續(xù)兩年位居榜首的哥本哈根已經(jīng)贏得全球領(lǐng)先綠色城市的聲望。哥本哈根在西門子歐洲綠色城市索引中取得領(lǐng)先地位，且當(dāng)選為2014年歐洲綠色首都。這一切都有充分的原因。哥本哈根是世界上人均碳足跡最低(人均少于兩噸)的城市，也有超越世界上任何主要城市的最積極的減碳計劃。他們的目標(biāo)是到2025年實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，聽起來很遙遠(yuǎn)，但距離現(xiàn)在也就只有12年了。
In order to achieve such an ambitious goal, the city has established hardcore targets including energy efficiency and renewable objectives, green building standards (all new buildings to be carbon neutral by 2020), and increased transit access to name a few.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個大目標(biāo)，哥本哈根制定了核心目標(biāo)，包括提升能源效率、使用再生能源、綠色建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(到2020年所有新建建筑物均達(dá)到碳中和)和增加交通方式等。
Of course, our readers are well aware of the impressive cycling rates in the city-approximately 40% of all commutes are conducted by bike. The city also recently collaborated with MIT to develop a smart bike equipped with sensors to deliver to provide real-time info to not only the rider but also to administrators for open data aggregation on issues of air contamination and traffic congestion.
當(dāng)然，我們的讀者也充分注意到了這個城市令人印象深刻的自行車普及率——大約40%的通勤是由自行車來完成的。另外，哥本哈根最近還與麻省理工學(xué)院合作，發(fā)展配備了傳感器的智能自行車，傳感器不僅能把即時信息提供給騎車人，還可以提供給有關(guān)部門以用于匯集空氣污染和交通擁堵問題的公開數(shù)據(jù)。
2: AMSTERDAM
2. 阿姆斯特丹(Amsterdam)
Like Copenhagen the cycling rates here are off the charts. In fact, Amsterdam may be the only city in the world that has more problems with pedestrian and cycling traffic congestion than vehicle congestion. 67% of all trips are done by cycling or walking. In fact, on a daily basis there are 10,000 bikes parked anywhere a space can be found adjacent to the central train station.
阿姆斯特丹的自行車普及率和哥本哈根一樣超標(biāo)。實(shí)際上，阿姆斯特丹可能是世界上唯一一個行人與自行車擁堵比汽車擁堵更為嚴(yán)重的城市。這個城市有67%的短途交通是靠騎自行車或步行完成的。實(shí)際上，每天都會有上萬輛自行車?？吭谂徶醒牖疖囌镜娜魏我粋€可被找到的地方。
But Amsterdam is much more than just bikes. In fact, in speaking with the founder of this first bikesharing project in the world, which occurred in Amsterdam decades ago, Luud Schimmelpennick, showed me videos of their first experiment in electric vehicle sharing in the early 1990s.
但阿姆斯特丹絕不僅僅只有自行車。其實(shí)在與盧德·奇邁派尼克(Luud Schimmelpennick)交談時，他向我們展示了上世紀(jì)90年代初他們第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)電動車共享項(xiàng)目的錄像。他是第一個共享自行車計劃的發(fā)起者，這個計劃幾十年前始于阿姆斯特丹。
In recent years, Amsterdam has stepped up its pace to be a leading smart city. Amsterdam Smart City is a public private partnership focused on using the city as an urban laboratory for the use of open data, new mobility solutions and ultimately improved quality of life for all residents and visitors. The collaboration has already supported more than 40 smart city projects ranging from smart parking to the development of home energy storage for integration with a smart grid.
最近幾年，阿姆斯特丹加快了成為全球領(lǐng)先的智慧城市的步伐。阿姆斯特丹智慧城市計劃(Amsterdam Smart City)是個公共事業(yè)市場化機(jī)制，它致力于將城市用作一個開放資訊的大型試驗(yàn)場所，最終為所有居民及游客發(fā)展出新的交通解決方案，同時提高生活質(zhì)量。這次合作已經(jīng)支持了40多個智慧城市計劃，涵蓋范圍從智能停車到居家能源與智能電網(wǎng)的整合都有。
3: VIENNA
3. 維也納(Vienna)
Vienna has long been known as having a very high quality of life, but it is a city that hasn’t rested on its quality reputation. Vienna has a sizable range of smart cities activities and a planning department, led by Thomas Madreiter, that gets it.
維也納長期以來就以擁有高品質(zhì)的生活而著稱，但它并未因此而松懈下來。維也納擁有為數(shù)眾多的智慧城市活動和一個由托馬斯·馬迪特(Thomas Madreiter)主管的維護(hù)榮譽(yù)的企劃部門。
In fact Vienna recently created a public private entity, TINA Vienna which is tasked with co-developing smart city strategies and solutions for the city. They gave me a document which summarizes more than 100 smart cities projects being developed throughout the city. One cool project is the so-called “Citizen Solar Power Plant." With a goal of obtaining 50% of their energy from renewables by 2030, the city partnered with the local energy provider, Wien Energy, they developed a crowd-funding model whereby individual citizens can buy half or whole panels and receive a guaranteed return of 3.1% annually.
實(shí)際上，維也納最近建立了一個公私合營組織，稱為TINA 維也納，其任務(wù)是政府與民間共同發(fā)展智慧城市策略和城市解決方案。他們給了我一份文件，文件中總結(jié)了全城范圍內(nèi)正在實(shí)施的100多個智慧城市計劃，其中一個很酷的工程稱為“市民太陽能發(fā)電廠”(Citizen Solar Power Plant)。以到2030年有50%的能源從可再生物中獲得為目標(biāo)，維也納政府與當(dāng)?shù)啬茉垂?yīng)商維恩能源(Wien Energy)合作，采用群眾籌款模式，個體公民可以藉此購買半個或者一個金屬板，且保證每年返還投資的3.1%。
Vienna is also testing out a range of electric mobility solutions from expanding their charging network from 103 to 440 stations by 2015 to testing EV carsharing and electric bike rentals. Another important innovation has been in rezoning dense neighborhoods allowing for zero-parking residential buildings. Residents in these communities commit to not owning a personal vehicle.
維也納還測試了一系列的移動電源解決方案，包括在2015年之前擴(kuò)大他們的充電網(wǎng)絡(luò)，把充電站從103個增加到440個，以及試驗(yàn)電動汽車共享和電動自行車出租。它的另一創(chuàng)新舉措在于重新劃分人口密集社區(qū)，住宅沒有配備停車位，住在這里的居民需承諾不擁有私家車。
Finally, Vienna is renovating a 40 hectare former slaughterhouse district and turning it into a much smarter use: an innovation district focused on media science and technology. By 2016, the city expects 15,000 people to working on startups in the Neu Marx Quarter district.
最后，維也納正在翻新一處占地40公頃、以前被用做屠宰場的區(qū)域，將其加以更為智能的利用：轉(zhuǎn)變成一處專注于媒體科學(xué)與技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新區(qū)域。到2016年，這個城市預(yù)期會有15,000人效力于Neu Marx Quarter區(qū)的新創(chuàng)企業(yè)。
4: BARCELONA
4. 巴塞羅那(Barcelona)
Barcelona is a cosmopolitan city known for its sun, architecture, and lively streets. Yet, Barcelona has been building a rather impressive portfolio of smart city initiatives over recent years. The city has taken a unique position of not only advancing its own initiatives, but trying to provide support for the global smart cities movement. This has been manifested in a few key initiatives. One, Barcelona holds the premier global event for smart cities stakeholders, the Smart Cities Expo World Congress. Pilar Conesa, the city’s former chief technology officer, is the director of the congress, and with her support, Barcelona has actually expanded this initiative to other parts of the world. This year, they co-hosted a smart cities expo in Bogota to serve the Latin American region. Barcelona is the driver behind the City Protocol initiative which seeks to connect global cities in pilot projects to address common challenges.
巴塞羅那是一個以陽光、建筑和熱鬧的街道舉世聞名的國際化大都市。而最近幾年，巴塞羅那出臺了創(chuàng)建智慧城市的一系列令人矚目的新方案。這個城市不僅在強(qiáng)化自己的新方案方面有獨(dú)到之處，而且在協(xié)助全球智能城市運(yùn)動方面占有舉足輕重的地位，這在一些重要方案里已經(jīng)得到證明。其中一個方案是，巴塞羅那為智慧城市的利害關(guān)系人舉辦了“智慧城市世界博覽會”(the Smart Cities Expo World Congress)這一全球性的活動，巴塞羅那的前首席技術(shù)長官皮拉·康乃薩(Pilar Conesa)是這個博覽會的負(fù)責(zé)人，在她的支持下，巴塞羅那實(shí)際上已經(jīng)把自己的新方案擴(kuò)大到了世界上其他地區(qū)。今年，他們還與波哥大(Bogota)聯(lián)合主辦了一個智慧城市博覽會為拉美地區(qū)服務(wù)。巴塞羅那是“城市協(xié)議”方案的幕后主導(dǎo)，該方案尋求在實(shí)驗(yàn)性項(xiàng)目方面聯(lián)接全球城市，以對付共同的挑戰(zhàn)。
But for those living in Barcelona (or visiting) there is a lot going on in this space. Barcelona was an early player in testing e-mobility. They have an excellent bike-sharing project with more than 6,000 bikes, although last I visited, only residents could use them. Barcelona has also been testing all kinds of sensors on everything from noise and air contamination to traffic congestion and even waste management. Barcelona’s 22@ innovation district is also an impressive mix of smart urban planning and entrepreneurial innovation. This sector of the city has been transformed into an innovation home attracting local and international entrepreneurs to set up shop. The district has been so successful that it has inspired cities like Boston and Buenos Aires to follow suit. With all of their innovations and strong quality of life, perhaps it is no surprise that the life expectancy in Barcelona is among the highest of cities I have studied (83 years).
對那些在巴塞羅那居住(或旅行)的人來說，還有很多問題正在產(chǎn)生。巴塞羅那是電子交通的早期實(shí)踐者，他們擁有良好的共享自行車計劃，有6,000多輛自行車，盡管上次在我參觀時，只有當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫庞惺褂脵?quán)。巴塞羅那也一直在測試監(jiān)測噪音、空氣污染和交通擁堵、甚至廢棄物管理等各項(xiàng)事務(wù)的傳感器。巴塞羅那的22@創(chuàng)新區(qū)也是智慧城市計劃和企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的結(jié)合，給人極深印象。這個地區(qū)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)型為創(chuàng)新之家，吸引著當(dāng)?shù)睾蛧H企業(yè)家們前來進(jìn)駐。這項(xiàng)計劃非常成功，以至激勵了波士頓(Boston)和布宜諾斯艾利斯(Buenos Aires)等城市競相效仿。擁有著這些創(chuàng)新和高品質(zhì)生活，巴塞羅那在我研究過(83年)的城市中躋身壽命最高的行列或許不足為奇了。
5: PARIS
5. 巴黎(Paris)
Paris, most known for its fantastic museums and of course the Eiffel Tower, Paris has become a pioneer in the smart cities arena. Their most impressive initiatives have been in their complete embrace of shared mobility. Paris has led the world in their expansive and widely used bikesharing network, Vélib'. Currently, the system has more than 20,000 bikes and 1,800 bikes throughout the city. Evidence suggests that Velib has led to a 5% reduction in vehicle congestion in the city. Not to be outdone, the city partnered with Bolloré to create one of the world’s first and most expansive EV carsharing programs. Launched in 2011, Autolib will soon have 3,000 EVs in its carsharing fleet.
巴黎最聞名于世的是令人贊嘆的博物館，當(dāng)然無疑還有埃菲爾鐵塔。巴黎已經(jīng)成為智慧城市角逐場上的先鋒，他們最令人稱道的創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)在共享交通工具的全面覆蓋上了。巴黎以昂貴而廣泛使用的共享自行車網(wǎng)絡(luò)Vélib引領(lǐng)世界，目前，這個系統(tǒng)擁有200,000多輛自行車，其中1,800輛遍布全城。有證據(jù)顯示，Vélib系統(tǒng)使城市的汽車擁堵率下降了5%。為了趕上潮流，該市與博羅爾集團(tuán)(Bolloré)合作，建造世界上第一個也是最具擴(kuò)張性的電動汽車共享計劃之一。始于2011年的Autolib項(xiàng)目將很快迎來3,000輛電動汽車加入共享行列。
Paris has also managed to foster a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. The Startup Genome project recently measured city-based entrepreneurial ecosystems around the globe, taking into account variables such as access to capital, volume of startups each year and innovations generated. Paris’ ecosystem was rated 11th best in the world.
巴黎還成功地培育了一個蓬勃發(fā)展的創(chuàng)業(yè)生態(tài)體系。創(chuàng)業(yè)基因計劃(The Startup Genome project)最近在全球范圍內(nèi)衡量了以城市為基礎(chǔ)的創(chuàng)業(yè)生態(tài)體系，將許多變量，諸如資本來源、每年新興企業(yè)數(shù)量及其衍生的創(chuàng)新等計算在內(nèi)，巴黎的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在全球排名第11位。
6: STOCKHOLM
6. 斯德哥爾摩(Stockholm)
Stockholm has a deservedly green reputation. In fact, about 40% of its land mass is dedicated to green space. Stockholm was rated #2 in Siemens Green City Index. In 2010, Stockholm was the first city to be awarded the EU Green Capital status. Stockholm residents are also amongst the highest per capita users of the Stockholm Metro system. Like its Scandinavian peer, Copenhagen, Stockholm also aspires to become carbon neutral, by 2050 instead of 2025. Due to congestion management including urban tolling and pollution controls, Stockholm is the only global city to meet stringent the World Health Organization’s recommended air contaminant standards. Stockholm also can boast about its 800 kilometers of cycling paths.
斯德哥爾摩的環(huán)保聲譽(yù)實(shí)至名歸。實(shí)際上，這個城市大約有40%的地塊被專門用作綠地。斯德哥爾摩在西門子綠色城市索引中排名第2。2010年，斯德哥爾摩成為第一個被授予歐盟綠色首都地位的城市。斯德哥爾摩居民的地鐵系統(tǒng)人均使用率最高。就像同為斯堪的納維亞國家的哥本哈根，斯德哥爾摩也有目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，不過是到2050年而非2025年。由于對包括城市噪音和污染控制等進(jìn)行的擁堵管理，斯德哥爾摩成為唯一符合世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦的空氣污染的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的全球性城市，該市也能夠自豪于擁有800公里的自行車道。
It’s not all about being green. Stockholm has also received top marks for its commitment to digital governance. Out of 100 global capitals surveyed by Rutgers University, Stockholm was rated 7th and scored 1st amongst cities for its commitment to data privacy and security for citizens. The Stockholm Royal Seaside (SRS) urban regeneration project has also become a test bed for new information and communication technologies (ICTs) designed to improve the quality of life, grow the local economy and help Stockholm remain a green leader in the region.
不光是環(huán)保，斯德哥爾摩也因承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化管理而受到好評。美國羅格斯大學(xué)(Rutgers University)調(diào)查的全球100個首都中，斯德哥爾摩排名第7，同時也在承諾保護(hù)市民的數(shù)據(jù)隱私和安全性的城市中排名第一。斯德哥爾摩皇家海濱(The Stockholm Royal Seaside)城市改造計劃也是新信息交流技術(shù)的測試臺，這一計劃旨在提高生活質(zhì)量，加快當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)增長和協(xié)助斯德哥爾摩保持本地區(qū)的環(huán)保領(lǐng)先地位。
7: LONDON
7. 倫敦(London)
Not surprisingly, London earned first place in the smart economy category. It has long been considered the financial capital of Europe, but it has also emerged as a leader in entrepreneurship. The Startup Genome project rated London the 7th best entrepreneurial ecosystem, number one in Europe.
毋庸置疑，倫敦在智能經(jīng)濟(jì)類型中榮獲首位。倫敦長久以來一直被當(dāng)做歐洲金融中心，但它在企業(yè)精神方面也崛起為執(zhí)牛耳者。創(chuàng)業(yè)基因計劃(The Startup Genome project)把倫敦列為最佳企業(yè)生態(tài)體系的第7名，位居歐洲第一。
Of course London made waves with its congestion zone which generates additional income for the city while reducing traffic in the urban core. London also took strategic use of the Olympics (like Vancouver before them) to help make the city greener while also focusing on economic development. London’s Royal Docks emerged from the Olympics planning as a regenerated, sustainable commercial and residential area. This area is already home to one of the greenest and smartest buildings in Europe, the Crystal, built by Siemens to showcase smart city technologies.
當(dāng)然，倫敦在治理擁堵區(qū)問題上引發(fā)了爭議，擁堵區(qū)為這個城市創(chuàng)造了額外收益，同時也減少了城市中心的交通量。倫敦也能夠有策略地運(yùn)用奧運(yùn)會(像之前的溫哥華)來幫助自己更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)保，同時也不忘發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)。通過奧運(yùn)會，倫敦的皇家碼頭成為了一個可再生、持續(xù)性商業(yè)和居住區(qū)，該地區(qū)也成為水晶大樓(The Crystal)——歐洲最環(huán)保最智慧的建筑之一——的落戶之處。水晶由西門子公司建造，用以展示智能城市技術(shù)。
8: HAMBURG
8. 漢堡(Hamburg)
Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and the first of two to make the top 10 ranking this year. Like a few others on this list, Hamburg also was awarded the European Green Capital designation in 2011. Hamburg also offers a high standard of living having been ranked 17th globally by Mercer in 2012 and eighth globally by Numbeo.
漢堡是德國第二大城市，也是今年德國躋身前十的兩個城市中的第一個。正如榜單上其他一些城市一樣，2011年漢堡也被授予“歐洲綠色首都”稱號。漢堡也提供了很高的生活水平，2012年，被美世公司(Mercer)排名全球第17，被Numbeo排名全球第8。
In recent years, Hamburg has embarked on widescale transformation. At 157 hectares, HafenCity (Harbor City) is Europe’s largest urban regeneration project. When completed in 2025, this roughly $14 billion project will house a university, a port, and lots of mixed-use residential and commercial development connected with excellent, green transit.
最近幾年，漢堡開始了世界級的轉(zhuǎn)變。Hafen城占地157公頃，是歐洲最大的城市再生工程。2025年竣工之后，這個耗資約140億美元的工程將可容納一個大學(xué)、一個碼頭和若干功能混合型、具有良好綠色運(yùn)輸能力的居住和商業(yè)發(fā)展。
9: BERLIN
9. 柏林(Berlin)
Berlin has a lot going for it as well. A concept closely tied to smart cities is the creative class work led by famed researcher Richard Florida. The evidence suggests that successful cities of the future will be those that are able to attract and retain the creative class who will lead urban renewal and economic growth through innovation and entrepreneurship and by supporting a vibrant cultural scene. Berlin has that in spades.
柏林也有許多成就。與智能城市緊密相關(guān)的一個概念是由著名研究家理查德·佛羅里達(dá)(Richard Florida)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的創(chuàng)新階層作品。有證據(jù)表明，成功的未來城市應(yīng)該能夠吸引和留住創(chuàng)新階層，他們可以通過創(chuàng)新和企業(yè)精神、通過支持生機(jī)勃勃的文化場景來引領(lǐng)城市重建和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。毫無疑問柏林具備這些。
Enrique Moretti said it better than I can, in his recent book, The New Geography of Jobs: “Berlin’s well-established progressive attitudes, gritty but interesting architecture, and tormented history inspire a feeling of experimentation ... two zoos, three major opera houses, seven symphony orchestras, and scores of museums ... Walking along the beautiful streets of the historic downtown, you cannot escape the impression that this unique mix of creativity and high quality of life is hard to surpass ...”
在其新書《工作新地理》中，恩瑞克·莫萊提(Enrique Moretti)比我說的更明確：“柏林建立良好的發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)、粗糲卻有趣的建筑和飽經(jīng)患難的歷史激發(fā)了一種實(shí)驗(yàn)感……兩個動物園，三個大歌劇院，七個交響樂團(tuán)和幾十個博物館……漫步在歷史中心地帶的美麗街道上，你無法不認(rèn)為這種創(chuàng)新性與生活高品質(zhì)的獨(dú)一無二的結(jié)合是難以逾越的……”
10: HELSINKI
10. 赫爾辛基(Helsinki)
Helsinki barely edged out Oslo for the 10th and final spot in this year’s rankings. Helsinki really shines in the Smart Government arena. They have more than 1,000 open datasets and have been actively promoting engagement with developers through hackathons. They also played host to the first global Open Knowledge Festival in 2012. Berlin by the way is the host in 2014. Helsinki also launched their Forum Virium Smart City Project to provide ubiquitous data to their citizens in hopes of improving quality of life.
赫爾辛基險勝奧斯陸(Oslo)，在今年榜單上奪得第十位也是最后一席。赫爾辛基在智慧城市的角逐場上真正是光彩奪目，他們擁有一千多個開放的數(shù)據(jù)集，而且通過黑客馬拉松積極推進(jìn)與開發(fā)者的合作。2012年，他們還主辦了第一界全球開放式知識節(jié)(Open Knowledge Festival)，順便說一下，柏林是2014年的主辦方。赫爾辛基也發(fā)起過論壇Virium智能城市計劃，為市民隨處提供數(shù)據(jù)，以望提高生活質(zhì)量。
Oslo, Brussels, and Frankfurt earned honorable mention for 2013.
奧斯陸(Oslo)、布魯塞爾(Brussels)和法蘭克福(Frankfurt)等均榮獲2013年度提名。
