定語(yǔ)從句用法詳解

　　在復(fù)合句中 ， 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句 ， 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 ， 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等 ， 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任句子成份。

　　1.由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中 ， who用作主語(yǔ) ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.

　　2.由whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，whom用作賓語(yǔ)，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

　　3.由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中 ， whose用作定語(yǔ) ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

　　4.由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，which用作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：

　　The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.

　　The river which is in front of my house is very clean.

　　This is the pen which you want.

　　注意 ：

　　(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí) ， 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在從句原來的位置上;但在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.

　　(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞which，不用that,如：I have lost

　　my bag, which I like very much.

　　(3)關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。

　　5.由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：

　　The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

　　注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：

　　All that we have to do is to practise English.

　　(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，如

　　The first letter that I got from him will be kept.

　　(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 ， 如

　　I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.

　　(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)如

　　He is the only person that I want to talk with.

　　(5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，如:

　　They talked about persons and things that they met.

　　(6)當(dāng)句中已有who時(shí) ， 為避免重復(fù) ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the

　　class?

　　6.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，如:

　　I don't know the reason why he was late.

　　This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

　　I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

　　注意：先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物的，就用where引導(dǎo)。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

　　7. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。

　　(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明 ， 沒有這種從句 ， 不影響主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開 ， 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時(shí)可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.

　　8.如何簡(jiǎn)化定語(yǔ)從句

　　(1).定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。如:

　　My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

　　→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)村子。

　　This is a book that is worth reading.

　　→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。

　　(2) 定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作前置或后置定語(yǔ)。

　　The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.

　　→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

　　站在樹下面的那個(gè)人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師。

　　I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.

　　當(dāng)時(shí)我看到那房子在燃燒。

　　(3)定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。

　　I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導(dǎo)演的電影。

　　She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會(huì)上受表彰的那個(gè)女孩。

　　(4)定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)。

　　He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個(gè)到校。

　　The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報(bào)告對(duì)我們很重要。

　　(5)定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為what 從句。

　　I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.

　　我記不得他說的話。

　　【典型例題解析】

　　例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.

　　A. which B. what C. that D. as

　　解析 先行詞 book被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，故選C。

　　例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.

　　A. when B. in which C. that D. for which

　　解析 本題指時(shí)間，故選 A。

　　例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.

　　A. you need B. what you need

　　C. which you need it D. that you need it

　　解析 B、C、D中的what和it與先行The book相抵觸 ， 故選 A。

　　例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.

　　A. that B. which C. where D. when

　　解析 本題指地點(diǎn)，故選 C。

　　例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.

　　A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is

　　解析 本題中 who用作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞the boys保持一致，故選B。

　　【選講例題】

　　例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.

　　A. whom B. that C. which D. who is

　　解析 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 ， 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that,但指人時(shí)用who或whom.故選A。

　　例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.

　　A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose

　　解析 whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,whose用作定語(yǔ)，故選D。