11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前　 那時(shí)　現(xiàn)在　　　　　　

2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
　　 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例題　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把書(shū)忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書(shū)"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書(shū)"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此
前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意：　had no … when　　　　　還沒(méi)等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　剛…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.