2022年12月13日 VOA慢速英語：一種加速堆肥過程的方法

 

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.
這是來自美國之音慢速英語的健康與生活方式報道。
 
The key to healthy plants is healthy soil. And the best way to improve soil is by using compost.
健康植物的關鍵是健康的土壤。改善土壤的最佳方法是使用堆肥。
 
Compost is decayed, or broken down, organic matter used as fertilizer. It helps heavy clay soil drain water. And it helps loose sandy soil keep water. Compost gives off nutrients and microbes to feed plants and increase their energy. It also decreases the need for traditional fertilizer.
堆肥腐爛或分解后，有機物用作肥料。它有助于重粘土排水。它還有助于疏松的沙質(zhì)土壤保持水分。堆肥釋放出養(yǎng)分和微生物來喂養(yǎng)植物并增加它們的能量。它還減少了對傳統(tǒng)肥料的需求。
 
But homemade compost takes time and effort. You must turn it around often to give it oxygen. And you must keep it wet -- but not too wet. Also, compost can take up to a year to make.
但是自制堆肥需要時間和精力。你必須經(jīng)常把它轉(zhuǎn)過來給它氧氣。而且你必須保持它濕潤——但不能太濕。此外，堆肥可能需要長達一年的時間才能完成。
 
Now there is an easier and faster way to compost.
現(xiàn)在有一種更簡單、更快捷的堆肥方法。
 
Bokashi is a composting method that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. Made in Japan in the 1980s, bokashi replaces the oxygen-fueled decay process with fermentation. In other words, an enzyme breaks down the organic matter.
Bokashi 是一種利用微生物分解的堆肥方法有機物。 bokashi 于 1980 年代在日本制造，用發(fā)酵代替以氧氣為燃料的腐爛過程。換句話說，酶分解有機物。
 
With this method, you can have compost ready to use in as little as 10 days. Plus, the process creates a product that has more nutrients than traditional compost.
使用這種方法，您可以在短短 10 天內(nèi)準備好堆肥。此外，該過程產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)品比傳統(tǒng)堆肥具有更多的營養(yǎng)成分。
 
Traditional composting is usually done outdoors. But Bokashi composting can be done in a small, indoor space.
傳統(tǒng)堆肥通常在戶外進行。但 Bokashi 堆肥可以在狹小的室內(nèi)空間內(nèi)完成。
 
The only equipment needed is a 19-liter container with a spout and tight-fitting top. To start the fermentation process, you need a bag of inoculant or microbes. Bokashi inoculants usually contain wheat bran, wheat germ, or sawdust. To get started, you can buy a kit with supplies or research how to do it yourself.
唯一需要的設備是一個 19 升的容器，容器帶有噴嘴和緊密貼合的頂部。要開始發(fā)酵過程，您需要一袋接種劑或微生物。 Bokashi 接種劑通常含有麥麩、小麥胚芽或木屑。開始時，您可以購買帶耗材的工具包或研究如何自己動手。
 
Add kitchen waste, such as vegetables skins and eggshells, to the container in five-centimeter layers. Put a small handful of inoculant over each layer as you go. Put the lid on tightly between additions. You might cover the layers with a plate or plastic wrap before closing the container to reduce oxygen.
將菜皮、蛋殼等廚余垃圾分五厘米層層放入容器中。邊走邊在每一層上放一小把孕育劑。在添加之間蓋緊蓋子。在關閉容器以減少氧氣之前，您可以用盤子或保鮮膜覆蓋這些層。
 
When the container is full, take the liquid from the spout every couple of days. Put about five milliliters of that "compost tea" into about one liter of water.
當容器裝滿后，每隔幾天從噴嘴中取出液體。將大約 5 毫升這種“堆肥茶”放入大約 1 升水中。
 
Then put the highly nutritious liquid on garden or houseplant soil. Be sure to not put it directly on leaves or flowers. And use the liquid within a day or so of collecting it.
然后將這種高營養(yǎng)液體放在花園或室內(nèi)植物的土壤上。一定不要將它直接放在葉子或花朵上。并在收集后一天左右使用液體。
 
Meat and dairy food leftovers are not put into traditional compost. It does not get hot enough to kill harmful bacteria and parasites. However, these types of food waste can be added to the bokashi container. The microorganisms in the bokashi container will destroy any germs in the animal products.
肉類和奶制品的剩菜不會放入傳統(tǒng)的堆肥中。它的溫度不足以殺死有害細菌和寄生蟲。但是，可以將這些類型的食物垃圾添加到 bokashi 容器中。 bokashi 容器中的微生物會破壞動物產(chǎn)品中的任何細菌。
 
Ingredients should be added and the top put back on quickly. You want to avoid too much oxygen getting into the container.
應添加成分并迅速蓋上頂部。您要避免過多的氧氣進入容器。
 
The tightly closed container should not give off any smells into the room. But you may notice a sweet-and-sour smell when the lid is opened. This is normal.
密閉的容器不應向房間散發(fā)任何氣味。但打開蓋子時，您可能會聞到酸甜的氣味。這個是正常的。
 
A bad smell, however, means that something has gone wrong.
然而，難聞的氣味意味著出現(xiàn)了問題。
 
If you smell a rotting-egg odor or if dark-colored mold is seen within the container, try adding more inoculant. If the situation is not better within a couple of days, throw away the material. Clean the container well and start over.
如果您聞到腐爛的雞蛋味或容器內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)深色霉菌，請嘗試添加更多孕育劑。如果情況在幾天內(nèi)沒有好轉(zhuǎn)，請丟棄材料。徹底清潔容器并重新開始。
 
When the fermentation process is complete — in as little as 10 days — the resulting organic matter will still look like the original material. But it will decompose quickly. It can be buried in holes in a new garden bed at least two weeks before planting. Be sure to cover the compost completely with soil.
當發(fā)酵過程完成時（短短 10 天），產(chǎn)生的有機物仍將看起來像原始材料。但它會很快分解。它可以在種植前至少兩周埋在新花園床的洞里。確保用土壤完全覆蓋堆肥。
 
You can also add the material to the center of a traditional or worm composting bin or pile. Mix well with the contents and everything will break down more.
您也可以將材料添加到傳統(tǒng)或蠕蟲堆肥箱或堆的中心。與內(nèi)容物充分混合，一切都會分解得更多。
 
The idea of creating "pre-compost" only to add it to a traditional compost pile might seem strange. However, consider this: adding bokashi-decomposed ingredients will save you many months. It offers you a fast track to finished compost.
創(chuàng)建“預堆肥”只是為了將其添加到傳統(tǒng)堆肥堆中的想法可能看起來很奇怪。但是，考慮一下：添加 bokashi 分解的成分將為您節(jié)省好幾個月的時間。它為您提供了完成堆肥的快速通道。
 
If you do not have a traditional compost pile, you can finish your bokashi compost by digging a hole and burying the material in one place in your garden. After two weeks, you can dig up what you need and use it as you would regular compost.
如果您沒有傳統(tǒng)的堆肥堆，您可以通過挖一個洞并將材料埋在花園的一個地方來完成您的 bokashi 堆肥。兩周后，您可以挖出您需要的東西，并像常規(guī)堆肥一樣使用它。
 
But be careful that the bokashi material is safely away from plants. Take care to avoid direct contact with roots. The fermented product is very acidic and will burn the plants.
但請注意，bokashi 材料要安全地遠離植物。注意避免直接接觸根部。發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品酸性很強，會灼傷植物。
 
For the same reason, this fermented compost should not be used as mulch unless it has been additionally composted using traditional methods.
出于同樣的原因，這種發(fā)酵堆肥不應用作覆蓋物，除非它已經(jīng)使用傳統(tǒng)方法額外堆肥。