2022年11月27日 VOA慢速英語：共享底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河被證明是困難的

 

The countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran share parts of the Tigris and Euphrates river system. The famous rivers are among the world's most vulnerable waterways.
伊拉克、土耳其、敘利亞和伊朗等國家共享部分底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河系統(tǒng)。著名的河流是世界上最脆弱的水道之一。
 
Water flow has fallen by 40 percent in the past 40 years as the four countries along their lengths seek to use the water for drinking, farming and industry.
在過去 40 年中，水流量下降了 40%，因為沿途的四個國家都在尋求將水用于飲用、農業(yè)和工業(yè)。
 
Turkey and Iraq use most of the water. They agree that both countries must cooperate to protect the rivers. Sixty million people depend on their water.
土耳其和伊拉克使用了大部分水。他們一致認為，兩國必須合作保護河流。 6000 萬人依賴水為生。
 
But political problems and historical issues prevent an agreement.
但政治問題和歷史問題阻礙了達成協(xié)議。
 
Recently, the Associated Press (AP) spoke with people in Turkey and Iraq, including top officials and local farmers. The AP found that Iraq fears a possible 20 percent drop in food production in the coming years while Turkey struggles to balance Iraq's and its own needs.
最近，美聯(lián)社 (AP) 采訪了土耳其和伊拉克的人士，包括高級官員和當?shù)剞r民。美聯(lián)社發(fā)現(xiàn)，伊拉克擔心未來幾年糧食產量可能下降 20%，而土耳其則在努力平衡伊拉克及其自身的需求。
 
"I don't see a solution," said former Iraqi Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi.
伊拉克前總理海達爾·阿巴迪說：“我看不到解決方案。”
 
He said, "Would Turkey sacrifice its own interests? Especially if that means that by giving more (water) to us, their farmers and people will suffer?"
他說，“土耳其會犧牲自己的利益嗎？特別是如果這意味著通過提供更多（水）對我們來說，他們的農民和人民會受苦嗎？”
 
New dams built in Turkey
土耳其建造的新水壩
 
Turkey has built 19 dams on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and plans a total of 22. They are part of its Southeastern Anatolia Project, known as GAP. The project aims to develop the southeast, increase agriculture, and produce electricity.
土耳其在幼發(fā)拉底河和底格里斯河上建造了19座水壩，計劃建造22座。它們是其東南安納托利亞項目（GAP）的一部分。該項目旨在開發(fā)東南，增加農業(yè)，生產電力。
 
At first, Turkey planned to provide water for 1.8 million hectares of land. But that amount was reduced to 1.05 million. Half the reduced goal has been met.
起初，土耳其計劃為 180 萬公頃土地供水。但這個數(shù)額減少到105萬。減少的目標已經實現(xiàn)了一半。
 
Farmers who receive water from GAP must use modern methods that Turkish officials say use two-thirds less water.
從 GAP 取水的農民必須使用現(xiàn)代方法，土耳其官員說使用的水量減少了三分之二。
 
But for Iraqis, every drop of water used for farming or other purposes in Turkey means less for Iraq.
但對于伊拉克人來說，在土耳其用于農業(yè)或其他用途的每一滴水對伊拉克來說意味著更少。
 
"A single truth"
“一個事實”
 
Iraq depends almost entirely for water on the two rivers that come from outside its borders.
伊拉克的水幾乎完全依賴于兩條來自境外的河流。
 
In 2014, Iraq's Water Ministry prepared a report that detailed what it called "single truth." AP reporters have seen the report, which has not been made public. It said in two years, Iraq's water supply would no longer meet demand. It warned that by 2035, the lack of water would cause a 20 percent reduction in food production.
2014 年，伊拉克水務部準備了一份報告，詳細說明了所謂的“單一事實”。美聯(lián)社記者看到了這份未公開的報道。它說兩年后，伊拉克的供水將不再滿足需求。它警告說，到 2035 年，缺水將導致糧食減產 20%。
 
The predictions can already be seen in 2022. Lakes have dried up, crops have failed, and thousands of Iraqis are moving away.
2022年的預測已經可以看到。湖泊干涸，農作物歉收，成千上萬的伊拉克人正在搬離。
 
Talks between Turkey and Iraq over many years have still not resulted in a long-term agreement.
土耳其和伊拉克多年的談判仍未達成長期協(xié)議。期限協(xié)議。
 
Turkey sees itself as the owner of the beginning of the river system. It considers needs and decides how much to let flow downstream. But Iraq considers ownership shared and wants a more permanent agreement with defined limits.
土耳其將自己視為河流系統(tǒng)開端的所有者。它考慮需求并決定讓多少流向下游。但伊拉克認為所有權是共享的，并希望達成具有明確限制的更永久的協(xié)議。
 
Veysel Eroglu represents Turkey on water issues with Iraq. He told the AP that Turkey cannot accept releasing a fixed amount of water because river flows are unpredictable.
Veysel Eroglu 代表土耳其處理與伊拉克的水資源問題。他告訴美聯(lián)社，土耳其不能接受釋放固定數(shù)量的水，因為河流流量不可預測。
 
Eroglu said Turkey could agree to setting a ratio release – but only if Syria and Iraq provide detailed information on their water usage.
Eroglu 說，土耳其可以同意設定一個釋放比例——但前提是敘利亞和伊拉克提供有關它們的詳細信息用水量。
 
Turkey also finds it difficult to progress in the water talks because water officials from Iraq often change. Additionally, Turkey says Iraq must use water effectively.
土耳其還發(fā)現(xiàn)水談判難以取得進展，因為伊拉克的水務官員經常更換。此外，土耳其表示伊拉克必須有效利用水資源。
 
One Iraqi ambassador said it was "a mistake" that his side once told the Turks that Iraqis knew 70 percent of their water was wasted on ancient farming methods. This led Turkey to increase its demands for Iraq to reform.
一位伊拉克大使表示，他的一方曾經告訴土耳其人說伊拉克人知道 70% 的水被浪費在古老的耕作方法上，這是“錯誤的”。這導致土耳其加大了對伊拉克改革的要求。
 
A numbers game
數(shù)字游戲
 
Iraq received an average flow of 625 cubic meters of water per second from the Tigris 10 years ago. Today, Iraqi water officials say the country gets only 36 percent of that because of less rainfall and a big dam in Turkey.
10 年前，伊拉克平均每秒從底格里斯河獲得 625 立方米的水流。今天，伊拉克水務官員表示，由于降雨量減少和土耳其的一座大壩，該國只能獲得其中的 36%。
 
Ilisu Dam produces electricity, so water must be released downstream.
伊利蘇大壩發(fā)電，因此必須向下游排放水。
 
But how much and when depend on Turkish officials. They must keep the reservoir water level at 500 meters above sea level to produce electricity. But they face less predictable water flow into the reservoir.
但排放量和時間取決于土耳其官員。他們必須將水庫水位保持在海拔 500 米以上才能發(fā)電。但他們面臨著流入水庫的水流難以預測的情況。
 
Turkish officials say that with the dam, they can control the river flow to help Iraq by storing more water during floods and releasing water during dry periods.
土耳其官員表示，通過大壩，他們可以控制河流流量，通過在洪水期間儲存更多水并在旱季放水來幫助伊拉克。
 
But Iraqi officials say they depend on one-time agreements with Turkey which make planning difficult.
但伊拉克官員表示，他們依賴于與土耳其的一次性協(xié)議，這使得規(guī)劃變得困難。
 
"They can cut water, they can release water. We urgently need a water agreement just to satisfy Iraq's minimum requirements," said Hatem Hamid. He is head of the National Centre for Water Resources Management.
“他們可以斷水，也可以放水。我們迫切需要一項水協(xié)議來滿足伊拉克的最低需求， “哈特姆·哈米德說。他是國家水資源管理中心的負責人。
 
Difficult decisions
艱難的決定
 
Once Tigris River water reaches the Mosul Dam in Iraq, Hamid decides how much and where it goes in Iraq.
一旦底格里斯河水到達伊拉克的摩蘇爾大壩，哈米德就決定了它在伊拉克的流量和去向。
 
With shortages expected in 2022, Hamid had to make big cuts. Water amounts for agriculture were cut in half. Those cuts reduced the amount of water entering the marshlands of southern Iraq.
由于預計 2022 年會出現(xiàn)短缺，哈米德不得不大幅削減開支。農業(yè)用水量減少了一半。這些削減減少了進入伊拉克南部沼澤地的水量。
 
The result was an environmental emergency: Not enough water was entering the marshes to wash away salt from the ocean. Hamid tried to fix the problem, but the damage was done.
結果是環(huán)境緊急情況：沒有足夠的水進入沼澤地沖走海洋中的鹽分。 Hamid 試圖解決問題，但損害已經造成。
 
"Life has ended"
“生命已終結”
 
In the Chibayish marshes, dead animals float near the sides of the river, poisoned by the salty water.
在奇貝伊什沼澤地，死去的動物漂浮在河邊附近，被咸水毒死。
 
Over the past two years, what was once green and full of life in the marshes has died and turned yellow. Salt from the sea has built up from two years without enough fresh water from the river.
在過去的兩年里，發(fā)生了什么曾經在沼澤中充滿生機的綠色已經死去并變成黃色。兩年來，沒有足夠的河水淡水，海水中的鹽分已經累積起來。
 
Obeid Hafez, a farmer, once planted more than 1,000 hectares of wheat. Today, his land in southern Iraq is without life and his sons have gone looking for work in the cities.
農民奧貝德·哈菲茲 (Obeid Hafez) 曾經種植過 1000 多公頃小麥。如今，他在伊拉克南部的土地上一片死寂，他的兒子們都去城市里找工作了。
 
"Life has ended here," he said.
“生活在這里結束了，”他說。