2022年11月15日 VOA慢速英語：創(chuàng)造韌性：是天生的還是后天培養(yǎng)的？

 

There is a growing debate among scientists about how people face difficulties and recover from them.
科學(xué)家們對(duì)人們?nèi)绾蚊鎸?duì)困難并從中恢復(fù)過來的爭(zhēng)論越來越激烈。
 
The word resilience describes the ability to deal with stress and to recover from it.
彈性一詞描述了處理壓力并從中恢復(fù)的能力。
 
The researchers are asking, ‘why do some people recover and others struggle after traumatic events such as child abuse, gun violence or the spread of disease?'
研究人員問，“為什么有些人在經(jīng)歷了虐待兒童、槍支暴力或疾病傳播等創(chuàng)傷性事件后康復(fù)，而另一些人卻掙扎不已？”
 
They want to know whether the ability to recover from stress is in our nature, in our genes, or in the way we were brought up by our parents, how we were nurtured.
他們想知道從壓力中恢復(fù)的能力是否存在于我們的天性中，存在于我們的基因中， 或者存在于我們父母的養(yǎng)育方式中，我們是如何被養(yǎng)育的。
 
Research suggests that both nature and nurture are responsible for creating resilience. But researchers say neither guarantees recovery from hardship.
研究表明，先天和后天都對(duì)創(chuàng)造復(fù)原力負(fù)責(zé)。但研究人員表示，兩者都不能保證從困境中恢復(fù)過來。
 
The American Psychological Association says anyone can learn resilience through kinds of behaviors, thoughts and actions. But that it is not always easy.
美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)表示，任何人都可以通過各種行為、思想和行動(dòng)來學(xué)習(xí)韌性。但這并不總是那么容易。
 
In the mid-1990s, research in the United States connected negative childhood experiences with problems in adulthood, like poor mental and physical health. The research also said that each additional negative experience increased risk later on.
在 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代中期，美國(guó)的研究將消極的童年經(jīng)歷與成年后的問題聯(lián)系起來，例如身心健康不佳。該研究還表示，每一次額外的負(fù)面經(jīng)歷都會(huì)增加以后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
 
Many studies have tried to answer, ‘Why some children are more at risk for some bad experiences than others?'
許多研究試圖回答，“為什么有些孩子比其他孩子更容易遭受某些不良經(jīng)歷？”
 
Dr. Thomas Boyce is a researcher and treats children in California. He wanted to find the answer to that question because of his own family.
Thomas Boyce 博士是一名研究人員，在加利福尼亞治療兒童。因?yàn)樗约旱募胰?，他想找到這個(gè)問題的答案。
 
He was very close to his younger sister. They experienced a difficult childhood. As they grew up, Boyce's life seemed to progress, but his sister experienced struggles and mental problems.
他和他的妹妹非常親近。他們經(jīng)歷了艱難的童年。隨著他們長(zhǎng)大，博伊斯的生活似乎有所進(jìn)步，但他的妹妹卻經(jīng)歷了掙扎和精神問題。
 
Boyce said he discovered one in five children have a higher biological response to stress. He said they show signs of too much activity in the brain's fight-or-flight response and in stress hormones.
博伊斯說，他發(fā)現(xiàn)五分之一的兒童對(duì)壓力有更高的生理反應(yīng)。他說，它們顯示出大腦的戰(zhàn)或逃反應(yīng)和應(yīng)激激素過度活躍的跡象。
 
Observers say that children like these have higher rates of physical and mental problems when raised in a stressful family environment.
觀察人士說，像這樣的孩子在壓力大的家庭環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大，身體和心理問題的發(fā)生率更高。
 
Boyce said that additional evidence suggests that these sensitive children do very well with nurturing and supportive parenting.
博伊斯說，更多的證據(jù)表明，這些敏感的孩子在養(yǎng)育和支持性養(yǎng)育方面做得很好。
 
Ananda Amstadter is a researcher at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. She studies traumatic stress and genetics, the study of genes. She said that her research suggests genes and environment equally influence resilience. She said that there is no single resilience gene and that many genes are probably involved.
Ananda Amstadter 是里士滿弗吉尼亞聯(lián)邦大學(xué)的研究員。她研究創(chuàng)傷壓力和遺傳學(xué)，即基因研究。她說，她的研究表明基因和環(huán)境同樣會(huì)影響恢復(fù)力。她說，不存在單一的復(fù)原力基因，可能涉及許多基因。
 
Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi are researchers at Duke University in the state of North Carolina. They have found a connection between differences in genes that help to control emotions and a higher risk for depression or bad behavior in children who experience abuse.
Terrie Moffitt 和 Avshalom Caspi 是北卡羅來納州杜克大學(xué)的研究人員。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于控制情緒的基因差異與遭受虐待的兒童患抑郁癥或不良行為的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高之間存在聯(lián)系。
 
Dr. Dennis Charney studies ways to overcome difficulties in life; he also works at Mount Sinai Health system in the state of New York. He said that our "genes are not destiny."
丹尼斯·查尼博士研究克服生活困難的方法；他還在紐約州的西奈山醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)工作。他說我們的“基因不是命運(yùn)”。
 
Trauma can affect the development of areas in the brain that control anxiety and fear. Treatments like talk therapy and medication can help people who have experienced trauma. Charney also said that a loving family, good friends and a positive experience in school could correct the negative effects.
創(chuàng)傷會(huì)影響大腦中控制焦慮和恐懼的區(qū)域的發(fā)育。談話療法和藥物治療等治療可以幫助遭受創(chuàng)傷的人。查尼還說，一個(gè)充滿愛的家庭、好朋友和積極的學(xué)校經(jīng)歷可以糾正負(fù)面影響。
 
Steeve Biondolillo is now a 19-year-old college student. He spent his early life in Haiti. His family was poor and he experienced other trauma.
Steeve Biondolillo 現(xiàn)在是一名 19 歲的大學(xué)生。他早年在海地度過。他的家庭很窮，他還經(jīng)歷過其他創(chuàng)傷。
 
 
At the age of four, his biological parents sent him to an orphanage where he lived for three years. He said this experience was traumatic for him.
四歲時(shí)，他的親生父母將他送到孤兒院，在那里生活了三年。他說，這段經(jīng)歷對(duì)他來說是一種創(chuàng)傷。
 
"I didn't really understand what was happening,'' he said, "I just got thrown into a big house full of other kids.''
“我真的不明白發(fā)生了什么，”他說，“我只是被扔進(jìn)了一個(gè)滿是其他孩子的大房子里。”
 
He said that he remembers feeling afraid and alone. He thought he would have to live there forever.
他說他記得當(dāng)時(shí)感到害怕和孤獨(dú)。他想他將不得不永遠(yuǎn)住在那里。
 
Then came the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The disaster killed more than 100,000 people and destroyed the capital and other towns.
然后是 2010 年的海地地震。這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難造成超過 10 萬人死亡，并摧毀了首都和其他城鎮(zhèn)。
 
 
"All the hope that I had suddenly vanished,'' Biondolillo said.
“我所有的希望突然消失了，”Biondolillo 說。
 
Biondolillo survived and he was adopted by an American family that took him to the United States. His new life gave him many opportunities. But he was still frightened by past traumas from Haiti.
Biondolillo 幸免于難，他被一個(gè)美國(guó)家庭收養(yǎng)，并把他帶到了美國(guó)。他的新生活給了他很多機(jī)會(huì)。但他仍然對(duì)海地過去的創(chuàng)傷感到恐懼。
 
His adoptive parents wanted to help, so they got him and his brother involved in an after-school program at the local Boys & Girls Club where they could have fun. The adults there were supportive, and he talked about his experiences. He said that they made him feel supported and loved.
他的養(yǎng)父母希望提供幫助，因此他們讓他和他的兄弟參加了當(dāng)?shù)啬泻⑴⒕銟凡康恼n后活動(dòng)，在那里他們可以玩得開心。那里的大人們都很支持他，他也談到了自己的經(jīng)歷。他說，他們讓他感到被支持和被愛。
 
Now Steeve is in his second year of college. He is studying social work. He wants to give back to society by helping and nurturing others.
現(xiàn)在史蒂夫已經(jīng)上大學(xué)二年級(jí)了。他正在學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)工作。他想通過幫助和培養(yǎng)他人來回饋社會(huì)。
 
Biondolillo said that his life has been a path from being a fearful child to a "proud young man with big goals and a big future.''
Biondolillo 說，他的人生經(jīng)歷了從一個(gè)膽小怕事的孩子到“擁有遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)和遠(yuǎn)大未來的驕傲年輕人”的道路。