閱讀理解分析（B） 如何制勝“推理題”？

閱讀理解分析（B） 如何制勝“推理題”？

解題思路

推理題主要考查考生理解字面意思，并且也能根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定判斷和推論的能力；制勝推理題要以表面文字信息為依據(jù)，進(jìn)一步推理出答案。推理題通常有兩種類型：

1．暗示推理題，常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

It is implied in the passage that________.

The passage implies that________.

The passage suggests that________.

It can be learned from the passage that________.

2．推論題，常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

It can be inferred from the passage that________.

It can be concluded from the passage that________.

From the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that________.

針對(duì)推理題，可按照以下幾個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行：

第一步：尋找標(biāo)志詞，如imply，infer，conclude，learn from等，確定為推理題；

第二步：根據(jù)題干返回原文找到相關(guān)的句子或段落；

第三步：讀懂原文后，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，排除不正確的；

第四步：能夠由原文表面文字信息合理推出來(lái)的、對(duì)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合概括的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

［溫馨提示］

既然是暗示推理題，那么答案不能一字不差地照搬原文詞句，而應(yīng)對(duì)原文詞句做出同義改寫。這種改寫可以通過(guò)利用同義詞、改變?cè)漤樞蚧蚪Y(jié)構(gòu)等方式完成。

真題回放

Centers of the Great European Cities

The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere.

Squares, plazas (廣場(chǎng)) and arcades (拱廊) form the heart of Europe's cities.

Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco—a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London's Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats (雜技演員) and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop (背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames.

These vibrant (有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don't see all the mistakes," said Garreau. "Those have all been removed." Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people's homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans' life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people together with tourists, provide the city centers with the reason for existence.

Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos (濃咖啡) and cigarettes.

Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy, is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community. (2008年)

31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe________.

A. has many large squares

B. has many very magnificent sky-scrapers

C. draws tourists in large numbers every year

D. has a center where tourists meet their spouses

31．C。［答案解析］推理題。首先根據(jù)題干the first paragraph返回原文第一段，第一段主要講了歐洲的大城市中心是傳統(tǒng)的聚會(huì)場(chǎng)所，人們聚集在此喝咖啡或者聊天直至深夜。當(dāng)?shù)厝撕陀慰托纬闪肆钊伺d奮的大都會(huì)氣氛。由此可以推斷出歐洲的大城市每年都有大量的游客，選擇C項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)A、B推理出的觀點(diǎn)太窄，不能概括整段中心，而D項(xiàng)短文中根本沒(méi)提到。

Achilles' heel

例：... (paragraph 1) Once while being prepared (準(zhǔn)備) for a television interview, I was chatting with the host about stay-at-home fathers. I made the point that one reason we're seeing more stay-at-home dads may be that it's no longer a given (假定的事實(shí)) that a man makes more money than his wife. Many families now take earning power into account when deciding which parent will stay home. (2006年)

36. Which of the following does the first paragraph imply?

A. Men like staying at home.

B. The author works at a TV station.

C. In more and more families the wife is earning more than the husband.

D. The husband is the better parent.

［典型錯(cuò)誤］此題有的考生可能會(huì)誤選A或B。

［錯(cuò)因分析］本段第一句內(nèi)容表示，作者要對(duì)做家庭主“夫”的父親做電視訪問(wèn)?？吹竭@一句，有的考生可能會(huì)主觀地認(rèn)為作者在電視臺(tái)工作，或者男人喜歡待在家里照顧孩子等。但實(shí)際上，正確答案是在整段內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理。

［正確答案］C。

［歸納拓展］考生在解答推理題的時(shí)候，一定要在文章事實(shí)或上下文（句）邏輯基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理而得出觀點(diǎn)。切不可憑空想象，一定要忠實(shí)于原文。同時(shí)，也要以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行推理，不能推理過(guò)頭，概括過(guò)度。