閱讀理解分析（A） 如何攻破“主旨題”？

閱讀理解分析（A） 如何攻破“主旨題”？

解題思路

主旨題是閱讀理解中最常見(jiàn)的題型之一，考查考生掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。主要有以下三種題型：

1．main purpose類型：此類考題要求考生找出作者的寫(xiě)作目的。常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

What is the author's main purpose in the passage?

The author's main purpose in this passage is________.

The author's purpose of writing this passage is to________.

What is the purpose of this passage?

2．main idea類型：此類考題要求考生選擇表達(dá)作者思想、觀點(diǎn)的句子。常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

The main idea of this passage is________.

What is the main idea/point of this passage?

What is the passage mainly about?

What does this passage mainly discuss?

Paragraph... mainly discusses________.

What do we learn from the last paragraph?

The author/passage tells us that...

After reading the passage, you may conclude that________.

This passage/paragraph... is mainly about________.

The main idea of the passage may be best expressed as________.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the text?

3．main topic類型：此類考題要求考生找出文章或某一段落的topic（話題、論題），subject（主題、題材），theme（主題）或title（標(biāo)題）等。常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：

What is the main topic of this passage/paragraph?

What is the subject of this passage/paragraph?

What is the theme of this passage/paragraph?

The best title for this passage might be________.

The passage can be entitled________.

This article is mainly concerned with________.

Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

在閱讀過(guò)程中，抓文章的主題思想，是對(duì)文中具體內(nèi)容理解的關(guān)鍵。通常有兩種方法：

1．關(guān)鍵句法：主旨題可以分為文章主旨題和段落主旨題。

（1）文章主旨題：可借助文章標(biāo)題、開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾處的句子及各個(gè)段落段首句的內(nèi)容綜合判斷文章主題；

（2）段落主旨題：可借助段首句或段尾句，及段落中出現(xiàn)的具體例子選擇答案。

2．關(guān)鍵詞法：尋找標(biāo)志性的關(guān)鍵詞、提示詞、轉(zhuǎn)折詞等，如but，however，although等。

［溫馨提示］

凡是含有大標(biāo)題或大標(biāo)題中關(guān)鍵詞的選項(xiàng)往往就是正確答案。

真題回放

Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?

Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication—having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.

The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.

On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (掃描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree.

What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.

As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often. (2011年)

The writer's purpose of writing this article is to advise people________.

A. to buy mobile phones

B. to update regular phones

C. to use mobile phones less often

D. to stop using mobile phones

［答案解析］從題干的The writer's purpose of writing this article is可以看出，此題為“Main Purpose”類型的主旨題，根據(jù)文章最后一段的總結(jié)句So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often. 考生可以輕易地得出結(jié)論，作者的目的是建議人們盡量減少手機(jī)的使用，正確答案為C。

Achilles' heel

在確定文章的主旨時(shí)，選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容既不能太具體也不能太籠統(tǒng)。題中給出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往都是事實(shí)，要求考生從中選出最能概括文章主旨思想的一項(xiàng)作為正確答案。在這方面考生容易犯以下兩種錯(cuò)誤：一種是把主題的一部分看成是文章的“主旨思想”，這樣的選擇太具體，不能準(zhǔn)確地概括出整個(gè)文章或段落的主旨思想；另一種是在表達(dá)作者的主旨思想時(shí)，詞語(yǔ)概括的范圍太大、太籠統(tǒng)，超出了作者的本意。在設(shè)計(jì)主旨題時(shí)，出題人往往會(huì)設(shè)置各種各樣的干擾信息來(lái)擾亂考生的思路?？忌斡浺稽c(diǎn)：主旨題正確選項(xiàng)概括歸納的信息應(yīng)與文中給出的信息完全匹配。

不正確的干擾選項(xiàng)通常有以下三種：

1．以偏概全：即只給出局部信息。這種形式的干擾項(xiàng)最為常見(jiàn)。如給出某個(gè)自然段的細(xì)節(jié)或某個(gè)自然段的大意。

2．概括過(guò)寬：即選項(xiàng)中所給出的信息超出文中所給出的信息。

3．無(wú)關(guān)信息：即文中未提到或無(wú)法推斷出來(lái)的信息。

例：

Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world. In London, for example, some Englishmen dip mustard into their coffee, while in Denver, a person might add a dash of ketchup. Strips of orange and lemon peel, cloves and cinnamon sticks are not unusual additions to the brew in Europe. An Asian delight consists of coffee brewed in boiling sugar. Perhaps the richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland where whiskey and whipped cream are important ingredients. In Australia a waitress will ask, "Do you want black or white?" Black is plain black coffee, but white is half coffee and half warm milk. If an Australian orders iced coffee, he will be served a cup of steaming coffee with a scoop of ice cream. It sounds like the Australian version of a "snowball in hell."

Which statement best expresses the main idea?

A. The richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland.

B. Asians enjoy a sweet cup of coffee.

C. Coffee is enjoyed in a variety of ways.

D. Australians have an unusual sense of humor.

［答案解析］選項(xiàng)C等同于第一句Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world. 的同義句，概括了文章的主題，是正確答案。A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)都屬于局部信息，不能涵蓋整個(gè)段落的中心思想；D項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)關(guān)信息，文中并未提到。