關(guān)于英文合同條款的42例說明

在經(jīng)濟活動中，尤其在國際貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟中，撰寫合同文書，通常會涉及“法律的適用”有關(guān)爭議條款、仲裁條款等內(nèi)容，有的術(shù)語來自國際慣例。學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的法規(guī)、國際慣例和國際規(guī)則對掌握英語合同有很大幫助。

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例1：

In entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil acts. A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf under the law.

譯文：

當事人訂立合同，應(yīng)當具有相應(yīng)的民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力。當事人依法可以委托代理人訂立合同。

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例2：

The limitation period for claims with regard to contracts of marine insurance is two years, counting from the day on which the peril insured against occurred.

譯文：

根據(jù)海上保險合同向保險人要求保險賠償?shù)恼埱髾?quán)，時效期間為二年，自保險事故發(fā)生之日起計算。

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例3：

After the establishment of a limited liability company, it is discovered that the actual value of the tangible goods, industrial property, non-patented technology, or land use rights contributed as capital is significantly below their value fixed in the articles of association, the shareholder who contributed such item as capital shall contribute the difference in value, and the other shareholders of the company at the time it was established shall be jointly and severally liable.

譯文：

有限責(zé)任公司成立后，發(fā)現(xiàn)作為出資的實物、工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)、非專利技術(shù)、土地使用權(quán)的實際價值明顯低于公司章程所定價值的，應(yīng)當由交付該出資的股東補交其差額，公司設(shè)立時的其他股東對其承擔連帶責(zé)任。

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例4：

If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

譯文：

如果賣方在交貨日期前交付貨物，他可以在那個日期到達前，交付任何缺漏部分或補足所交付貨物的不足數(shù)量，或交付用以替換所交付不符合同規(guī)定的貨物，或?qū)λ桓敦浳镏腥魏尾环贤?guī)定的情形做出補救，但是，此一權(quán)利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔不合理的開支。不過，買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。

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例5：

If a party has possession of the other party's property according to contract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay a required sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shall have a lien on the property and may keep the retained property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

譯文：

按照合同約定一方占有對方的財產(chǎn)，對方在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)沒有支付應(yīng)付款時，占有人有權(quán)留置該財產(chǎn)，依照法律的規(guī)定以留置財產(chǎn)折價或者以變賣該財產(chǎn)的價款優(yōu)先得到償還。

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例6：

If the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for acceptance due to any other reason, the acceptance is valid, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay.

譯文：

受要約人在承諾期限內(nèi)發(fā)出承諾，按照通常情形能夠及時到達要約人，但因其他原因承諾到達要約人時超過承諾期限的，除要約人及時通知受要約人因承諾超過期限不接受該承諾的以外，該承諾有效。

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例7：

Where a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party's attention to the provision(s) whereby such party's liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.

Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of concluding the contract.

譯文：

采用格式條款訂立合同的，提供格式條款的一方應(yīng)當遵循公平原則確定當事人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，并采取合理的方式提請對方注意免除或者限制其責(zé)任的條款，按照對方的要求，對該條款予以說明。

格式條款是當事人為了重復(fù)使用而預(yù)先擬定，并在訂立合同時未與對方協(xié)商的條款。

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例8：

Upon discharge of the rights and obligations under a contract, the parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform obligations such as notification, assistance and confidentiality. in accordance with the relevant usage.

譯文：

合同的權(quán)利義務(wù)終止后，當事人應(yīng)當遵循誠實信用原則，根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣履行通知、協(xié)助、保密等義務(wù)。

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例9：

The parties to a contract involving foreign interests may choose the law applicable to settlement of their contractual disputes, except as otherwise stipulated by law.

If the parties to a contract involving foreign interests have not made a choice, the law of the country to which the contract is most closely connected shall be applied.

譯文：

涉外合同的當事人可以選擇處理合同爭議所適用的法律，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

涉外合同的當事人沒有選擇的，適用與合同有最密切聯(lián)系的國家的法律。

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例10：

Cost, Insurance and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment.

The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the pods to the named port of destination, BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.

Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obligation insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.

The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

譯文：

“成本、保險費加運費”是指在裝運港當貨物越過船舷時賣方即完成交貨。

賣方必須支付將貨物運至指定的目的港所需的運費和費用，但交貨后貨物丟失或損壞的風(fēng)險及由于各種事件造成的任何額外費用即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移到買方。但是，在CIF條件下，賣方還必須辦理買方貨物在運輸途中丟失或損壞風(fēng)險的海運保險。

因此，由賣方訂立保險合同并支付保險費。買方應(yīng)注意到，CIF術(shù)語只要求賣方投保最低限度的保險險別。如買方需要更高的保險險別，則需要與賣方明確地達成協(xié)議，或者自行作出額外的保險安排。

CIF術(shù)語要求賣方辦理貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。

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例11：

The mortgaged ship shall be insured by the mortgagor unless the contract provides otherwise. In case the ship is not insured, the mortgagee has the right to place the ship under insurance coverage and the mortgagor shall pay for the premium thereof.

譯文：

除合同另有約定外，抵押人應(yīng)當對被抵押船舶進行保險；未保險的，抵押權(quán)人有權(quán)對該船舶進行保險，保險費由抵押人負擔。

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例12：

A contract of carriage of goods by sea is a contract under which the carrier, against payment of freight, undertakes to carry by sea the goods contracted for shipment by the shipper from one port to another.

譯文：

海上貨物運輸合同，是指承運人收取運費，負責(zé)將托運人托運的貨物經(jīng)海路由一港運至另一港的合同。

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例13：

The defence and limitation of liability provided for in this Chapter shall apply to any legal action brought against the carrier with regard to the loss of or damage to or delay in delivery of the goods covered by the contract of carriage of goods by sea, whether the claimant is a party to the contract or whether the action is founded in contract or in tort.

譯文：

就海上貨物運輸合同所涉及的貨物丟失、損壞或者遲延交付對承運人提起的任何訴訟，不論海事請求人是否合同的一方，也不論是否是根據(jù)合同或是根據(jù)侵權(quán)行為提起的，均適用本章關(guān)于承運人的抗辯理由和限制賠償責(zé)任的規(guī)定。

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例14：

Where a labor dispute arises, if a party does not desire a consultation, the parties fail to settle the dispute through consultation, or a party does not execute a reached settlement agreement, any party may apply to a mediation organization for mediation; if a party does not desire a mediation, the parties fail to settle the dispute through mediation, or a party does not execute a reached mediation agreement, any party may apply to a labor dispute arbitration commission for arbitration; and a party disagreeing to an arbitral award may bring an action in the people's court except as otherwise provided for by this Law.

譯文：

發(fā)生勞動爭議，當事人不愿協(xié)商、協(xié)商不成或者達成和解協(xié)議后不履行的，可以向調(diào)解組織申請調(diào)解；不愿調(diào)解、調(diào)解不成或者達成調(diào)解協(xié)議后不履行的，可以向勞動爭議仲裁委員會申請仲裁；對仲裁裁決不服的，除本法另有規(guī)定的外，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。

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例15：

Where each party owes performance to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of the obligations are identical in type and quality, either party may set off its obligation against the obligation of the other party, except where set-off is prohibited by law or in light of the nature of the contract.

The party availing itself of set-off shall notify the other party. The notice becomes effective when it reaches the other party. Set-off may not be subject to any condition or time limit.

譯文：

當事人互負到期債務(wù)，該債務(wù)的標的物種類、品質(zhì)相同的，任何一方可以將自己的債務(wù)與對方的債務(wù)抵消，但依照法律規(guī)定或者按照合同性質(zhì)不得抵消的除外。當事人主張抵消的，應(yīng)當通知對方。通知自到達對方時生效。抵消不得附條件或者附期限。

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例16：

Documents means financial documents and/or commercial documents.

Financial documents means bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, or other similar instruments used for obtaining the payment of money.

Commercial documents means invoice, transport documents, documents of title or other similar documents, or any other documents whatsoever, not being financial documents.

譯文：

單據(jù)是指金融單據(jù)和／或商業(yè)單據(jù)。

金融單據(jù)是指匯票、本票、支票或其他類似的可用于取得款項支付的憑證。

商業(yè)單據(jù)是指發(fā)票、運輸單據(jù)、所有權(quán)文件或其他類似的文件，或者不屬于金融單據(jù)的任何其他單據(jù)。

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例17：

In the case of documents payable at sight the presenting bank must make presentation for payment without delay.

In the case of documents payable at a tenor other than sight the presenting bank must, where acceptance is called for, make presentation for acceptance without delay, and where payment is called for, make presentation for payment not later than the appropriate maturity date.

譯文：

如果是見單即付的單據(jù)，提示行必須立即辦理提示付款不得延誤。

如果不是即期而是遠期付款單據(jù)，提示行必須在不晚于應(yīng)到期日，如是要承兌立即辦理提示承兌、如是付款時立即辦理提示付款。

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例18：

Parties to a dispute over a contract concluded with foreign element or over property rights and interests involving foreign element may, through written agreement, choose the court of the place which has practical connections with the dispute to exercise jurisdiction. If a people's court of the People's Republic of China is chosen to exercise jurisdiction, the provisions of this Law on jurisdiction by forum level and on exclusive jurisdiction shall not be violated.

譯文：

涉外合同或者涉外財產(chǎn)權(quán)益糾紛的當事人，可以用書面協(xié)議選擇與爭議有實際聯(lián)系的地點的法院管轄。選擇中華人民共和國人民法院管轄的，不得違反本法關(guān)于級別管轄和專屬管轄的規(guī)定。

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例19：

If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract by specific performance, cure of non-conforming performance or payment of damages, etc.

譯文：

當事人一方不履行合同義務(wù)或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定的，應(yīng)當承擔違約責(zé)任，繼續(xù)履行、采取補救措施或者賠償損失等。

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例20：

A bill of lading is a document which serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same.

譯文：

提單，是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經(jīng)由承運人接收或者裝船，以及承運人保證據(jù)以交付貨物的單證。

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例21：

The shipowner shall discharge the goods at the port of discharge specified in the charter party.

Where the charter party contains a clause allowing the choice of the port of discharge by the charterer, the Master may choose one from the agreed picked ports to discharge the goods, in case the charterer did not, as agreed in the charter, instruct in time as to the port chosen for discharging the goods.

Where the charterer did not instruct in time as to the chosen port of discharge, as agreed in the charter, and the shipowner suffered losses thereby, the charterer shall be liable for compensation.

Where the charterer has suffered losses as a result of the shipowner's arbitrary choice of a port to discharge the goods, in disregard of the provisions in the relevant charter, the shipowner shall be liable for compensation.

譯文：

出租人應(yīng)當在合同約定的卸貨港卸貨。

合同訂有承租人選擇卸貨港條款的，在承租人未按照合同約定及時通知確定的卸貨港時，船長可以約定的選卸港中自行選定一港卸貨。

承租人未按照合同約定及時通知確定的卸貨港，致使出租人遭受損失的，應(yīng)當負賠償責(zé)任。

出租人未按照合同約定，擅自選定港口卸貨致使承租人遭受損失的，應(yīng)當負賠償責(zé)任。

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例22：

Where the collection instruction expressly states that interest may not be waived and the drawee refuses to pay such interest, the presenting bank will not deliver document and will not be responsible for any consequences arising out of any delay in the delivery of document(s). When payment of interest has been refused, the presenting bank must inform by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means without delay the bank from which the collection instruction was received.

譯文：

如托收指示中明確地指明利息不得放棄而付款人拒付該利息，提示行將不交單，并對由此所引起的延遲交單所產(chǎn)生的后果將不承擔責(zé)任。當利息已被拒付時，提示行必須以電訊，當不可能時可用其他便捷的方式通知曾向其發(fā)出托收指示的銀行，不得延誤。

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例23：

A time charter party is a contract under which the shipowner provides a designated manned ship to the charterer, and the charterer employs the ship during the contractual period for the agreed service against payment of hire.

譯文：

定期租船合同，是指船舶出租人向承租人提供約定的由出租人配備船員的船舶，由承租人在約定的期間內(nèi)按照約定的用途使用，并支付酬金的合同。

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例24：

Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.

譯文：

如果合同已有效訂立，但沒有明示或暗示地規(guī)定價格或規(guī)定如何確定價格，在沒有任何相反表示的情況下，雙方當事人應(yīng)視為已默認引用訂立合同時此種貨物在有關(guān)類似貿(mào)易情況下銷售的通常價格。

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例25：

The parties may prescribe that if one party breaches the contract, it will pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the degree of breach, or prescribe a method for calculation of damages for the loss resulting from a party's breach. Where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed is below the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to increase the amount; where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed exceeds the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to decrease the amount as appropriate. Where the parties prescribed liquidated damages for delayed performance, the breaching party shall, in addition to payment of the liquidated damages, render performance.

譯文：

當事人可以約定一方違約時應(yīng)當根據(jù)違約情況向?qū)Ψ街Ц兑欢〝?shù)額的違約金，也可以約定因違約產(chǎn)生的損失賠償額的計算方法。約定的違約金低于造成的損失，當事人可以請求人民法院或者仲裁機構(gòu)予以增加；約定的違約金高于造成的損失，當事人可以請求人民法院或者仲裁機構(gòu)予以適當減少。當事人遲延履行約定違約金的，違約方支付違約金后，還應(yīng)當履行義務(wù)。

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例26：

For the purpose of giving effect to the instructions of the principal, the remitting bank will utilize the bank nominated by the principal as the collecting bank. In the absence of such nomination, the remitting bank will utilize any bank of its own, or another bank's choice in the country of payment or acceptance or in the country where other terms and conditions have to be complied with.

譯文：

為了使委托人的指示得以實現(xiàn)，寄單行將以委托人所指定的銀行作為代收行。在未指定代收行時，寄單行將使用他自己的任何銀行，或者在付款或承兌的國家中、或在必須遵守其他條件的國家中選擇另外的銀行。

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例27：

A party who was unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party's delay in performance, it is not exempted from liability.

For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstance which is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.

譯文：

因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根據(jù)不可抗力的影響，部分或者全部免除責(zé)任，但法律另有規(guī)定的除外。當事人遲延履行后發(fā)生不可抗力的，不能免除其責(zé)任。

本法所稱不可抗力，是指不能預(yù)見、不能避免并不能克服的客觀情況。

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例28：

Parties to a foreign related contract may select the applicable law for resolution of a contractual dispute, except otherwise provided by law. Where parties to the foreign related contract failed to select the applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with the closest connection thereto.

For a Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Contract, Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Contract, or a Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Exploration and Development of Natural Resources which is performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the law of the People's Republic of China applies.

譯文：

涉外合同的當事人可以選擇處理合同爭議所適用的法律，但法律另有規(guī)定的除外。涉外合同的當事人沒有選擇的，適用與合同有最密切聯(lián)系的國家的法律。

在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)履行的中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)合同、中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)合同、中外合作勘探開發(fā)自然資源合同，適用中華人民共和國法律。

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例29：

A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes, as agreed, to indemnify the loss to the subject matter insured and the liability of the insured caused by perils covered by the insurance against the payment of an insurance premium by the insured.

譯文：

海上保險合同，是指保險人按照約定，由被保險人支付保險費，對被保險人遭受保險事故造成保險標的的損失和產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)負責(zé)賠償?shù)暮贤?/p>

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例30：

Goods should not be dispatched directly to the address of a bank or consigned to or to the order of a bank without prior agreement on the part of that bank.

Nevertheless, in the event that goods are dispatched directly to the address of a bank or consigned to or to the order of a bank for release to a drawee against payment or acceptance or upon other terms and conditions without prior agreement on the part of that bank, such bank shall have no obligation to take delivery of the goods, which remain at the risk and responsibility of the party dispatching the goods.

譯文：

未經(jīng)銀行事先同意，貨物不得以銀行的地址直接發(fā)送給該銀行、或者以該行作為收貨人或者以該行為抬頭人。

然而，如果未經(jīng)銀行事先同意而將貨物以銀行的地址直接發(fā)送給了該銀行，或以該行做了收貨人或抬頭人，并請該行付款或承兌或憑其他條款將貨物交付給付款人，該行將沒有提取貨物的義務(wù)，其風(fēng)險和責(zé)任仍由發(fā)貨方承擔。

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例31：

Amounts collected (less charges and/or disbursements and/or expenses where applicable) must be made available without delay to the party from whom the collection instruction was received in accordance with the terms and conditions of the collection instruction.

譯文：

收妥的款項（扣除手續(xù)費和／或支出和／或可能的花銷）必須按照托收指示中規(guī)定的條件和條款付給從其收到托收指示的一方，不得延誤。

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例32：

The parties may prescribe that a party will give a deposit to the other party as assurance for the obligee's right to performance in accordance with the Security Law of the People's Republic of China. Upon performance by the obligor, the deposit shall be set off against the price or refunded to the obligor. If the party giving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it is not entitled to claim refund of the deposit; where the party receiving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it shall return to the other party twice the amount of the deposit.

譯文：

當事人可以依照《中華人民共和國擔保法》約定一方向?qū)Ψ浇o付定金作為債權(quán)的擔保。債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)后，定金應(yīng)當?shù)肿鲀r款或者退回債務(wù)人。給付定金的一方不履行約定的義務(wù)的，無權(quán)要求返還定金；收受定金的一方不履行約定的債務(wù)的，應(yīng)當雙倍返還定金。

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例33：

(1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.

(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.

譯文：

（1）合同只需雙方當事人同意，就可更改或終止。

（2）規(guī)定必須書面更改或終止協(xié)議的書面合同，不得以任何其它方式更改或終止協(xié)議。但是，一方當事人的行為，如經(jīng)另一方當事人寄以信賴，就不得堅持此項規(guī)定。

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例34：

A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor, and the party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor.

譯文：

債務(wù)是按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定，在當事人之間產(chǎn)生的特定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系，享有權(quán)利的人是債權(quán)人，負有義務(wù)的人是債務(wù)人。

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例35：

A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship. Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.

譯文：

合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事關(guān)系的協(xié)議。依法成立的合同，受法律保護。

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例36：

A contract of marine insurance comes into being after the insured puts forth a proposal for insurance and the insurer agrees to accept the proposal and the insurer and the insured agree on the terms and conditions of the insurance.

The insurer shall issue to the insured an insurance policy or other certificate of insurance in time, and the contents of the contract shall be contained therein.

Before the contract is concluded, the insured shall truthfully inform the insurer of the material circumstances which the insured has knowledge of or ought to have knowledge of in his ordinary business practice and which may have a bearing on the insurer in deciding the premium or whether he agrees to insure or not.

The insured needs not inform the insurer of the facts which the insurer has known of or the insurer ought to have knowledge of in his ordinary business practice if about which the insurer made no inquiry.

譯文：

被保險人提出保險要求，經(jīng)保險人同意承保，并就海上保險合同的條款達成協(xié)議后，海事保險合同成立。

保險人應(yīng)當及時向被保險人簽發(fā)保險單者其他保險單證，并在保險單或者其他保險單證中載明當事人雙方約定的合同內(nèi)容。

合同訂立前，被保險人應(yīng)當將其知道的或者在通常業(yè)務(wù)中應(yīng)當知道的有關(guān)影響保險人據(jù)以確定保險費率或者確定是否同意承保的重要情況，如實告知保險人。

保險人知道或者在通常業(yè)務(wù)中應(yīng)當知道的情況，保險人沒有詢問的，被保險人無須告知。

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例37：

Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, such delegation is subject to consent by the obligee.

Where the obligor has delegated an obligation, the new obligor may avail itself of any of the original obligor's defenses against the obligee.

Where the obligor delegates an obligation, the new obligor shall assume any incidental obligation associated with the main obligation, except where such incidental obligation is exclusively personal to the original obligor.

譯文：

債務(wù)人將合同的義務(wù)全部或者部分轉(zhuǎn)移給第三人的，應(yīng)當經(jīng)債權(quán)人同意。

債務(wù)人轉(zhuǎn)移義務(wù)的，新債務(wù)人可以主張原債務(wù)人對債權(quán)人的抗辯。

債務(wù)人轉(zhuǎn)移義務(wù)的，新債務(wù)人應(yīng)當承擔與主債務(wù)有關(guān)的附隨債務(wù)，但該附隨債務(wù)專屬于原債務(wù)人自身的除外。

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例38：

The defence and limitation of liability provided for in this Chapter shall apply to any legal action brought against the carrier with regard to the loss of or damage to or delay in delivery of the goods covered by the contract of carriage of goods by sea, whether the claimant is a party to the contract or whether the action is founded in contract or in tort.

譯文：

就海上貨物運輸合同所涉及的貨物丟失、損壞或者遲延交付對承運人提起的任何訴訟，不論海事請求人是否合同的一方，也不論是否根據(jù)合同或是根據(jù)侵權(quán)行為提起的，均適用本章關(guān)于承運人的抗辯理由和限制賠償責(zé)任的規(guī)定。

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例39：

(1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods.

(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts that are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation.

(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with all available information necessary to enable him to effect such insurance.

譯文：

（1）若賣方按合同或本公約的規(guī)定將貨物交付給承運人，如果沒有在貨物上加標記、或在裝運單據(jù)或以其它方式清楚地注明有關(guān)合同，賣方必須向買方發(fā)出說明貨物的發(fā)貨通知。

（2）若賣方有義務(wù)安排貨物的運輸，他必須訂立必要的合同，按通常運輸條件，用適合的運輸工具，把貨物運到指定地點。

（3）若賣方無義務(wù)對貨物的運輸辦理保險，他必須在買方提出要求時，向買方提供一切現(xiàn)有的、必要資料，使他能夠辦理這種保險。

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例40：

If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary the expenses necessary for such assistance.

譯文：

沒有法定的或約定的義務(wù)，為避免他人利益受損失進行管理或者提供服務(wù)的人，有權(quán)要求受益人償付由此而支付的必要費用。

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例41：

When shares are issued, the principles of openness, fairness, and equity shall be followed, and each share in the same class must have the same rights and receive the same interests.

For shares issued at the same time, each share shall be issued on the same conditions and at the same price. All entities or individuals subscribing for shares shall pay the same price for each share.

譯文：

股份的發(fā)行，實行公開、公平、公正的原則，必須同股同權(quán)，同股同利。

同次發(fā)行的股票，每股的發(fā)行條件和價格應(yīng)當相同。任何單位或者個人所認購的股份，每股應(yīng)當支付相同價額。

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例42：

In order to establish a branch within China, a foreign company must appoint a representative or agent in charge of such branch within China, and fund its branch as appropriate in light of the nature of its intended business.

Where operation of certain branches of foreign companies is subject to a minimum level of funding, such level shall be prescribed separately.

譯文：

外國公司在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)立分支機構(gòu)，必須在中國境內(nèi)指定負責(zé)該分支機構(gòu)的代表或者代理人，并向該分支機構(gòu)撥付與其所從事的經(jīng)營活動相適應(yīng)的資金。

對外國公司分支機構(gòu)的經(jīng)營資金需要規(guī)定最低限額的，應(yīng)另行規(guī)定。